Semester 1 - year 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is being an industrial designer a synthesis of? (4)
A
- Functional (physical)
- Aesthetic (social function)
- meaning
- value
2
Q
what are the primary ways an industrial designer influence a viewers perception? (3) and then what are another 4 ways a viewers perception can be influenced?
A
- form
- colour
- texture
- sound
- movement
- weight
- centre of gravity
3
Q
what is the definition of a brand?
A
sign/signal given to those around us of our association with a set of ‘values’ demonstrated through images, products or services provided by brand owners
4
Q
how do you produce a branded product? (4)
A
- define your target market
- define keywords (brand vision/ mission)
- identify evocative sensory inputs (mainly visual/ DNA)
- look at ideas to create designed product
5
Q
what is the IDS process? (4)
A
- identify keywords and visual research
- deconstruct branded products (product DNA)
- define graphemes
- reconstruct brand and novelty
6
Q
what is sensory equipment?
A
the language of the nervous system (it amplifies and converts it)
7
Q
what are three ways we perceive?
A
- sensory transduction - conversion of physical energy into neural events
- moments in time - cognitive processing of change
- physical energy - thermal, mechanical, acoustic, electromagnetic (stimuli)
8
Q
what are the 5 main pieces of sensory equipment?
A
- sight - eye
- hearing - ear
- touch - skin, hair
- taste - tongue, nose
- smell - nose, tongue
9
Q
what are the 5 additional pieces of sensory equipment?
A
- temperature - skin
- balance and acceleration
- kinesthetic
- pain
- internal senses
10
Q
what are three principles the brain uses about perception?
A
- light comes from above
- objects are normally not viewed from below
- faces are seen (and recognised) upright
11
Q
what are Gestalts 6 principles?
A
- proximity
- similarity
- closure
- symmetry
- common fate
- continuity
12
Q
Explain proximity from Gestalts principles:
A
things closer together are more related
13
Q
Explain similarity from Gestalts principles:
A
elements that are more similar are more related
14
Q
Explain closure from Gestalts principles:
A
individual elements as a single recognisable pattern
15
Q
Explain symmetry from Gestalts principles:
A
equivalence among elements within a form
16
Q
Explain common fate from Gestalts principles:
A
elements moving in the same direction are more related
17
Q
Explain continuity from Gestalts principles:
A
elements in a straight line or a smooth curve are grouped
18
Q
what are the three sketches mentioned in computational theory?
A
- primal sketch
- 2.5D sketch
- 3D model
19
Q
what is a primal sketch based on?
A
based on feature extraction of fundamental components of the scene, including edges, regions. An outline sketch
20
Q
what is a 2.5D sketch based on?
A
textures are acknowledged. There is shading for depth, and a viewer centred view
21
Q
what is a 3D model based on?
A
where the scene is visualised in a continuous 3 dimensional map
22
Q
what are 5 examples of how designers manipulate perception?
A
- alignment
- constancy
- figure-ground relationship
- highlighting
- interference
23
Q
Explain alignment from how designers manipulate perception?
A
align along edges to create rows, columns or a common centre
24
Q
Explain constancy from how designers manipulate perception?
A
similar parts expressed similarly - semantics, brand recognition
25
Explain highlighting from how designers manipulate perception?
attention to an area
26
Explain interference from how designers manipulate perception?
slowing mental processes by adding competing and less accurate processes
27
what is visible perception?
the process of how we receive information in the form of visible light from our surrounding environment
28
what are the two forms of visual perception?
1. bottom-up processing
| 2. top-down processing
29
what is bottom-up processing?
Driven by sensory information from the physical world. It is usually subconscious
30
what are the 4 basic visual features in bottom-up processing?
1. form
2. spacial position
3. colour
4. movement
31
what is top-down processing?
prior knowledge and expectations manipulating our perceptions of something
32
what is the two-stage approach to the attentional process?
1. preattention
| 2. attention
33
what is preattention from the two-stage approach from the attentional process?
the simple features of the visual environment. Initial stages of visual perception. Quickly getting information from the environment.
34
what is attention from the two-stage approach from the attentional process?
there is a selectivity of information. focus on certain things
35
what is a pop out effect?
works when looking at a visual field, a unique stimulus can be located much faster than stimuli that is similar
36
what can Wickens multiple resource model help predict?
can help predict workload issues
37
why is the Wickens multiple resource model helpful?
when the workload is too high, tasks using the same resources can result in errors and slower performance of the task
38
Explain the theory about saccadic eye movements and fixations:
rapid eye movement from one fixation to another. We dont usually 'see' the information between the fixations
39
what are two things that eye tracking involves?
1. heat mapping
| 2. gaze plots
40
when we see a product/ form/ object what are the four categories our visual system splits them into?
1. colour
2. form
3. depth
4. motion
41
how do objects appear to have colour?
the brain and eyes sense the relative differences in the wavelengths of the light reflected from an object
42
what are three qualities used in European society to describe colour?
1. hue
2. brightness
3. saturation
43
what are two reasons its important to see colour?
1. detection and discrimination of objects
| 2. defining the object from the background
44
what are three ways designers use colour?
1. mix primary and secondary colours
2. use white to de-saturate colour
3. inks and paints in colour mixes absorb light
45
what is the definition for light adaptation?
visual adaptation to increased levels of illumination
46
what is the definition for colour constancy?
the ability to perceive colours of objects under varying illumination conditions
47
what is biomimicry?
using nature as a model for human inventions
48
what is the definition of product semantics?
the study of symbolic qualities of man made forms in the context of their use and the application of this knowledge to industrial design
49
what are the two categories of product semantics?
1. naturalistic
| 2. coded
50
what is naturalistic product semantics?
innate or learned at an early age
51
what is coded arbitrary product semantics?
has to be learned
52
what is visual priming?
coding which is written and visual
53
what two things is our perception of the world based on?
1. innate - sensing danger, fight/ flight, shape identification
2. learned - language, etiquette, culture, religion, law
54
what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
1. self-actualisation - self-fulfilment
2. self-esteem - physiological needs
3. social - physiological needs
4. safety - basic needs
5. physical - basic needs
55
what are 4 examples of learned behaviour?
1. constrains unsociable behaviour
2. evoking a standardised response to a defined stimulus
3. society and cultures evolve
4. beliefs, doctrines reflected in the art of that society and time
56
what are jordans 3 steps to designing things people love?
1. creating a persona - your user
2. understanding the role of your product in the life of your persona
3. design a product that delivers the benefits your persona (target market) wants
57
what are the four pleasure categories? (Jordans)
1. physio-pleasure
2. socio-pleasure
3. psycho-pleasure
4. ideo-pleasure
58
what is physio-pleasure?
physical. interaction with object. human and object interaction
59
what is socio-pleasure?
social. relationships with others.
60
what is psycho-pleasure?
interacting with memories/ things that are evoked. mental and emotional reactions
61
what is ideo-pleasure?
Its consciously choosing a product. tastes and values of a person
62
what are three reasons given by Donald Norman in emotional design, that we love (or hate) everyday things:
1. visceral (relating to deep inward feelings rather than intellect)
2. behavioural
3. reflective
63
what is cultural coding?
unique features embedded in a form of information to identify the culture
64
what are 3 of the 7 ways that culture may be transmitted from one mind to another?
1. image
2. object
3. language
4. gestures
5. movements
6. actions
7. rituals
65
what is a meme?
an idea behaviour or style that is transmitted from one person to another.
66
what is a grapheme?
the smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system. They are the building blocks of cultural communication
67
what 4 things is brand a personality of?
1. product or service
2. range of products
3. company
4. organisation
68
what are 6 brand attributes?
1. functional attributes
2. aesthetic attributes
3. price point
4. marketing
5. behaviour
6. dress
69
what are two features which build a brand?
1. brand communication
| 2. cultural coding
70
what is the definition of a brand?
it is the sign or signal given to those around us of our association with a set of 'values' demonstrated through images, products or services provided by brand owners.
71
why should a business have a brand?
1. brand may be considered a relationship between the brand owner and the consumer
72
how do we visualise and validate a branded product?
1. characterising user - persona
2. characterising user - scenario
3. characterising the market - PEST
4. characterising user-product interaction - user experience
73
what does PEST stand for?
Political
Economic
Social
Technological
74
Give a couple examples for political in PEST analysis:
1. fiscal policy
2. monetary policy
3. tax laws/ changes
4. copyrights
75
Give a couple examples for economic in PEST analysis:
1. exchange rates
2. unemployment levels
3. skilled labour
4. infrastructure
76
Give a couple examples for social in PEST analysis:
1. demographics
2. income distribution
3. social stability
77
Give a couple examples for technological in PEST analysis:
1. new technologies
| 2. material technologies
78
what is the definition of culture?
beliefs, values, meanings and actions that shape the lives of a collective of people, influencing the way people think, live and act
79
what is the definition of cognition?
all the mental processes we use to transform sensory inputs into knowledge
80
what is the definition of sensation?
refers to the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors
81
what is the definition of perception?
refers to our initial interpretations of the sensations
82
what is the definition of visual perception?
the process of how we receive information in the form of visible light from our surrounding environment
83
give 3 examples of bottom-up processing:
1. taste
2. size
3. smell
4. touch
5. shape
6. texture
84
give 3 examples of top-down processing:
1. memories
2. ideas
3. experiences
4. cultures
5. knowledge
85
what are three factors which influence culture?
1. social factors
2. ecological factors
3. biological factors
86
is social factors which influence culture on a macro, meso or micro level?
macro level
87
is ecological factors which influence culture on a macro, meso or micro level?
meso level
88
is biological factors which influence culture on a macro, meso or micro level?
micro level
89
give two examples of social factors?
```
population density
affluences
technology
government
media
religion
```
90
give two examples of ecological factors?
geography
climate
natural resources
91
give two examples of biological factors?
temperature
| personality
92
what are Hofstedes 6 cultural dimensions?
1. indulgence
2. long term orientation
3. uncertainty avoidance
4. power distance
5. masculinity/ feminity
6. individualism/ collectivism
93
what is the definition for individualism?
people only look after themselves and their immediate family
94
what is the definition for collectivism?
people belong to in-groups (familys, organisations) who look after them in exchange for loyalty
95
what are the two approaches to Nisbetts theory of cultural cognition?
1. holistic approach
| 2. analytical approach
96
what is a holistic approach?
based on distinct societal settings (e.g. groups harmony, complex relationships, interdependent living)
97
what is an analytical approach?
based on distinct societal settings. (e.g. personal autonomy, formal logic, independent living)
98
what are two illusions that different cultures are fooled by?
1. Mueller lyer illusion - english
| 2. horizontal-vertical illusion - indians and New Guineans
99
what is saccade?
rapid eye movement from one location to another
100
what is a scan path?
spatial arrangement of a sequence of fixations
101
what is the definition of product semantics?
the study of symbolic qualities of man-made objects in the context of their use and the application of this knowledge to industrial design
102
what is primary or sales packaging?
packaging which forms a sales unit for the user or final consumer. e.g. a cereal box
103
what is secondary or grouped packaging?
packaging which contains a number of sales units. e.g. an outer box containing cereal
104
what is tertiary or transport packaging?
packaging used to group secondary packages together to aid handling and transportation and prevent damage to the products
105
what are 6 market developments which have affected packaging?
1. affect of globalisation
2. societal trends
3. demographics and psychographics
4. environmental sustainability
5. legislation and regulations
6. technological advances
106
what are three ways that demographics have changed?
1. older demographic
2. increased disposable income
3. increase in smaller family units
107
what is circular economy thinking?
we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life.
108
what are three strategys of sustainable packaging for businesses?
1. take a lifecycle approach to packaging design
2. consider materials made from renewable feedstocks
3. consider packaging which encourages zero waste of the product
109
what are 5 common packaging types?
1. board (corrugated and carton board)
2. flexible packaging
3. rigid plastic
4. metal
5. glass
110
what are the 5 types of commodity plastics?
1. PE - polyethylene
2. PS - polystyrene
3. PP - polypropylene
4. PVC - poly vinyl chloride
5. PET - poly ethylene terephthalate
111
what are 2 positives and 2 negatives of PET:
+ good barrier
+ high clarity
- hard to process
- cant be used for cooking applications
112
what are 2 positives and 2 negatives of LDPE:
+ good sealing characteristics
+ colours widely available
- soft and flexible
- low barrier
113
what are 2 positives and 2 negatives of PP:
+ suitable for microwave cooking
+ low cost
- short shelf life
- needs laminating to get high barrier
114
what are 2 positives and 2 negatives of PS:
+ low carbon footprint
+ efficient manufacturing
- no clarity
- low barrier
115
what is corrugated card?
cardboard usually made of three different layers, the two outer layers having a smooth surface while the central liner is corrugated
116
what are 3 benefits of corrugated card?
1. lightweight
2. highly affordable
3. excellent printing and graphics capabilities
