Semester 2 Final Flashcards
1
Q
The Western Federation of Miners rejected the violent approach of some labor organizations but continued to welcome only White male members.
A
False
2
Q
The Sand-Lot Incident in San Francisco in 1877 was an attack against Chinese immigrants.
A
True
3
Q
Trusts, like Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust, were vulnerable because they
A
generated intense criticism and politicians made them illegal.
4
Q
What was the guiding philosophy behind the Ladies’ Home Journal?
A
It promoted middle-class values of the time and the idea that women had a domestic role in life.
5
Q
Which of the following was a peaceful protest in Chicago against a farm equipment manufacturer, until someone threw a bomb that injured or killed dozens and inspired police to fire indiscriminately into the crowd?
A
the Haymarket riot
6
Q
Many industrial workers in the late 1800s were recent immigrants with diverse cultures and mutual distrust, and this prevented effective labor organization. Which of the following was another significant obstacle?
A
Owners retaliated against union organizers by firing and blacklisting leaders and hiring nonunion workers to replace strikers.
7
Q
Many people followed the construction of the transcontinental railroad, as the major newspapers printed sensational stories about it.
A
True
8
Q
What contributed to Eugene V. Debs’s success as leader of the American Railway Union?
A
his genuine goodness and nonviolent approach
9
Q
By the 1880s, most states had outlawed child labor.
A
False
10
Q
J. Pierpont Morgan is similar to business leaders Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller because he
A
believed in freewheeling capitalism but hated competition.
11
Q
J. P. Morgan was born in poverty but became a wealthy man through hard work, unlike Carnegie and Rockefeller.
A
False
12
Q
How did the Carnegie Steel Company rise to become the largest industrial company in the world by 1900?
A
It employed the newly developed Bessemer converter, which drastically lowered the cost of steel and the company gained control of every phase of production.
13
Q
What were the major technological advancements of the post–Civil War era? How did these advancements contribute to the expansion of America’s industrial revolution?
A
The major technological advancement of post- Civil war era, included, primarily, the creation of electrical power. This led to the development of greater, mass-producing equipment, and thus a bolstering of the economy. As well, all technological advancements that encompassed transportation, played a huge role in the industrial revolution, as these newly founded railroad systems connected communities to marketplaces- marketplaces, to the economy, and overall American life.
14
Q
Westinghouse’s system of transmitting electricity over long distances lost the “battle of the currents.”
A
False
15
Q
How did technological innovations transform production and consumption in the post–Civil War era?
A
Innovations helped large businesses produce numerous products cheaply, thus enabling more people to buy them.
16
Q
Like the AFL, the Knights of Labor admitted only skilled workers.
A
False
17
Q
What was one main reason electric motors were significant to the industrialization of the late nineteenth century?
A
They freed factories to locate wherever they wished, not just by waterfalls and coal deposits.
18
Q
In a capitalist democracy like America, a common source of social instability is the tensions between equal political rights and unequal economic status.
A
True
19
Q
Anarchists oppose all forms of government.
A
True
20
Q
George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla invented which device that revolutionized American industry?
A
the electric motor
21
Q
How did the creation of modern transportation and communication systems, development of electrical power, and the systematic application of science to industrial processes impact production during the late 1800s?
A
Technological advances drastically improved efficiency, which in turn expanded the scope and scale of mass-producing industrial organizations.
22
Q
Which of the following occurred from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century?
A
The value of manufactures increased sixfold.
23
Q
Who developed the first alternating current electric system?
A
George Westinghouse
24
Q
Which of the following did Thomas Alva Edison invent?
A
a long-lasting electric lightbulb
25
Railroads promoted enormous economic development, but also had several downsides. In addition to displacement of Native Americans and exploitation of workers, which of the following was a downside of the railroad boom?
Railroad executives used lobbyists to buy politicians who subsidized twice as many railroad miles as the economy could support.
26
Booker T. Washington argued that the Black community needed to focus on establishing an economic foundation before agitating for political and social equality.
True
27
Why did W.E.B. Du Bois disagree with what he called the Atlanta Compromise?
He argued that Booker T. Washington's ideas aimed to satisfy powerful Whites, thereby giving credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior.
28
Proponents of the New South believed that the South should
build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.
29
Buffalo soldiers were
Black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians.
30
How did Duke family members transform tobacco production?
They formed a modern cigarette factory producing large quantities of tobacco and contributed to the dramatic rise of the tobacco industry in the post–Civil War South.
31
Callie Guy House started a mass movement in the South to help African Americans in what way?
a program to pay a pension to freed slaves as reparation for slavery
32
The number of cotton mills in the South more than doubled between 1880 and 1900.
True
33
The western territories and states were the last region to grant women the right to vote.
False
34
Why was the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876 significant?
Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer's soldiers, leading Congress to prepare for "total war."
35
As the price paid for raw cotton rose steadily over the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the average annual income of White southerners was double that of Americans outside the South.
False
36
In the 1880s the U.S. Supreme Court issued several rulings that impacted civil rights. How did these so-called civil rights cases affect the legal protections included in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments?
They ruled that federal laws cannot prevent private citizens or businesses from discriminating based on race, and they opened the door to state laws requiring "separate but equal" facilities.
37
They ruled that federal laws cannot prevent private citizens or businesses from discriminating based on race, and they opened the door to state laws requiring "separate but equal" facilities.
To compare: All three could compare in their value of women ( as spouses, confined to the domestic sphere), due to the unbalanced male-to-female ratio. This value, however, was as generalized as the lack of social equality, in all three frontiers. The frontiers of mining and ranching can compare, secondly, for their high prejudice against various ethnic groups.
To contrast: Of the three, mining contributed to the largest damage to the environment. Of the vegetation and dirt removed to persist mining growth, streams were clogged, fish were killed, and habitats were destroyed.
38
Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?
As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.
39
The Indian wars effectively ended with the capture of Geronimo, a chief of the Chiricahua Apaches.
True
40
The rise of the cattle industry
made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation.
41
Which of the following did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in his "frontier thesis"?
American culture and identity developed from the ways in which the frontier shaped those who lived on it.
42
Although an important document in American history, Turner's "frontier thesis" is in some ways problematic because it
exaggerated the influence of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women, Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.
43
What caused the Indian wars of the 1860s–1870s?
Although the U.S. government signed numerous treaties, those commitments were repeatedly violated by private citizens, companies, and the army.
44
Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?
It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.
45
Widespread violence, such as that of a mob that stormed Wilmington, North Carolina, often went hand in hand with the Jim Crow laws.
True
46
The Comstock Lode refers to a
mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point.
47
Which civil rights leader argued that the Black response to racial prejudice under Jim Crow should be one of "ceaseless agitation" directed toward achieving political and social equality?
W.E.B. Du Bois
48
New South leaders who wished to follow the example of the North and develop a strong industrial sector found the most success in what industry?
textiles
49
Some southern politicians condoned lynching of African Americans.
True
50
Which of the following did "nativists" believe?
Immigrants were a threat to their jobs and way of life.
51
Which region of the United States had the greatest proportion of urban dwellers?
the Far West
52
Which of the following people became an influential leader of the southern farmer's alliance movement?
Thomas E. Watson
53
Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the growth of urban populations at the turn of the century?
the growth of disease from the lack of sanitation in crowded city neighborhoods
54
Why was the development of cast-iron and steel-frame construction techniques significant to the growth of cities?
They allowed developers to erect high-rise buildings.
55
Describe how living in an urban environment impacted women's lives.
This new, urbanization of American life increased the work of married women, to surpass that of working-class men. As different forms of social recreation grew, these men had saloons, political clubs, and sports events, women had nothing but the dull repetition of their domestic work: shopping, caring for the youth, and cleaning.
56
Who gave the famous "cross of gold" speech?
William Jennings Bryan
57
Between 1880 and 1890, the traditional pattern of U.S. immigration changed in that most "new immigrants" were from what region of the world?
southern and eastern Europe
58
Who were the Mugwumps?
They were a group of Republicans against James G. Blaine who believed in reform and building honest government.
59
What place that processed immigrants became known as the "island of hope, island of tears"?
Ellis Island
60
Which of the following is true of Herbert Spencer?
He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest."
61
What do cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever have in common?
They can all be spread from poor sanitation conditions.
62
Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 significant in American immigration history?
It barred Chinese laborers from entering the country, becoming the first federal law to restrict immigration based on race and class.
63
"Anglo-Saxon" refers to people of what background?
British and German
64
What was the American Protective Association?
It was a nativist organization whose members pledged to protect the purity of the Anglo-Saxon "race."
65
How did residents typically respond when new immigrants moved into the area?
They often moved out.
66
What is the significance of the Page Act of 1875?
It was the first federal law to restrict immigration from one global region to the United States.
67
What did the U.S. Contract Labor Act of 1864 provide?
The federal government would help pay for immigrants' travel expenses to the United States.
68
Who wrote one of the most influential novels of the Gilded Age, Sister Carrie (1900)?
Theodore Dreiser
69
How did Populist James B. Weaver perform in the 1892 election?
He lost but received one million votes.
70
Around 1900, what urban gathering place often hosted political discussions as well as social gatherings for immigrants and working-class men?
saloons
71
Which of the following best describes immigrant neighborhoods in U.S. cities by 1900?
Neighborhoods were defined by separate ethnic groups.
72
Which of the following happened following the election of 1896?
The Populist party disintegrated, but later reformers would enact many of its ideas.
73
Which of the following caused an enormous sanitary challenge in U.S. cities in 1900?
the use of many animals
74
After the United States took control of the Philippines, __________ became the official language.
English
75
The Teller Amendment sought to mollify nervous allies by denying any territorial interest in
Cuba.
76
Which is true of The American Anti-Imperialist League?
It was supported by two former presidents, as well as Jane Addams and Mark Twain, in its attempts to harness the imperial ambitions of the United States.
77
Discuss the results of the Spanish-American War. In what way was it a significant turning point in American history?
Of the primary results of the Spanish-American War, Spain's mass casualities brought on by, generally, disease and injury, as well as their signing of the Treaty of Paris, were presented. For America, this victory shaped their potential to become a world power, supposedly asserting their requirement to spread their own 'American' influence.
78
The American Anti-Imperialist League was formed by a group of influential advocates of colonialism to combat Philippine independence.
False
79
Which of the following qualified as an "unincorporated" territory?
Puerto Rico
80
In 1899, the United States divided control of the Samoa Islands with
Germany
81
The cash crop that made Hawaii valuable to the United States was
sugarcane
82
After living for a time in the West, Theodore Roosevelt maintained that Indians were
a "lesser race."
83
Downes v. Bidwell clarified the rights of the newly established colonies and distinguished them largely by
race
84
What was a result of the Treaty of Paris?
The Spanish empire in the Americas ended.
85
What did the Platt Amendment mandate?
It acknowledged the right of the United States to intervene in Cuba whenever it saw fit
86
What is the name of the U.S. battleship that famously sank in Havana Harbor in 1898?
the Maine
87
William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson discontinued the trend of American intervention in international affairs begun by McKinley and Roosevelt.
False
88
Which is true of the Plan of San Diego?
It was a plan by Mexican rebels to overthrow the government of the United States.
89
The case of the Philippines illustrates how after the Spanish-American War, the United States substituted its own imperialism for Spain's.
True
90
The Open Door policy of __________ stated that China should remain open to European and American trade.
John Hay
91
Which of the following was a result of the intervention of the United States in Mexico?
Mexicans saw American troops as invaders and participated in ongoing civil wars.
92
Which of the following statements regarding American imperialism in the Pacific is accurate?
The United States' acquisition of Alaska enabled access to large oil and gold deposits.
93
Immediately after the Spanish-American War ended, the United States granted the Philippines independence.
False
94
The Hawaiian ruler Queen Liliuokalani tried to do which of the following in the early 1890s?
restrict the growing political power of the United States in the islands
95
After the Civil War, Americans generally favored __________ in foreign policy.
isolationism
96
Which of the following is true of Emilio Aguinaldo?
He led the Filipinos in a hotly contested guerrilla war against the United States.
97
Which of the following did Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal promote?
conservation of natural resources
98
The National Child Labor Committee pushed to
enact laws prohibiting the employment of young children.
99
Which of the following groups led the progressive movement?
the middle class
100
What did Alice Paul, leader of the National Women's party, want to accomplish by protesting in front of Wilson's White House for six months in 1917?
to pass the voting rights amendment
101
Which of the following statements describes the women's suffrage movement during the Progressive Era?
Suffrage activists varied in their motivations and approaches, such as in the range of issues they were willing to raise along with the women's vote.
102
Wilson was a weak president who trusted Congress to adopt the proper policies.
False
103
Washington Gladden, author of the Working People and their Employers believed that Christians should do which of the following?
help the poor and disabled
104
Which of the following was an element of "the Wisconsin idea?"
a nonpartisan bureau to help with the drafting of legislation
105
Muckrakers were journalists who worked first and foremost for politicians—an arrangement that often perpetuated political and corporate corruption.
False
106
Through the Federal Farm Loan Act, Wilson succeeded in passing the first federal legislation directed at assisting farmers.
True
107
How did William Howard Taft win the presidency?
Roosevelt urged the Republican party to nominate Taft as his successor, and Taft promised to continue the policies Roosevelt had begun.
108
Which candidate was shot during the 1912 presidential campaign?
Theodore Roosevelt
109
President Taft's domestic policies generated a storm of division
within the Republican party.
110
Who was Frederick W. Taylor?
He championed the idea of scientific management, showing employers how to cut waste and improve productivity.
111
To what extent were progressives a unified group in the early twentieth century, and why?
There was, essentially, very few unification's of progressives, as despite their general term, a multitude of ideals were desired. The main similarity they all shared, however, was there want for more government activity in industrial growth. This was due to a desire to regulate capitalism.
112
Which of the following describes the method used by most progressives to solve the problem of economic power and its abuses?
regulating large corporations
113
What was the significance of the events at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911?
A tragic fire took the lives of workers, which resulted in meaningful government regulation of working conditions.
114
Which of the following statements characterizes Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom platform?
It proposed vigorous anti-trust action to break up corporate concentration.
115
What was the purpose of the Adamson Act of 1916?
It established the eight-hour day for railroad workers.
116
What assumption did progressives share?
Governments must become more active to address the problems created by rapid industrial and urban growth.
117
Which of the following statements characterizes the Progressive Era?
It witnessed an extraordinary burst of social activism and political innovation.
118
Which of the following could be considered a failure of the progressive movement?
it ignored racial inequality
119
Who was Theodore Roosevelt's close friend Gifford Pinchot?
He was a forestry expert and leading conservationist.
120
Which was the mugwumps' contribution to progressivism?
the "honest government" ideal
121
Contrary to his party's tradition, President Taft called for
lower tariffs on imports.
122
Progressivism faded as an organized political movement because international issues pushed aside domestic concerns.
True
123
Which of the following was true of the Revenue Act of 1916?
It was primarily passed to raise money for war preparations.
124
Many African American men joined the military but were forced to serve in segregated units under White officers.
True
125
How did the Great War set the stage for the Second World War?
The harsh conditions set by the Treaty of Versailles made many Germans and Austrians feel victimized.
126
What was the primary objection that American senators had to the Treaty of Versailles?
the unrestricted commitment of the United States to the League of Nations' decisions
127
What was the significance of the Zimmermann telegram?
It showed German intentions to collaborate in a possible invasion on the United States.
128
Which of the following describes the liberty bonds launched by Wilson?
They provided a good small investment and were deemed as a patriotic act.
129
Which of the following events changed Wilson's determination to maintain a neutral position?
A German attack on five U.S. ships in the North Atlantic.
130
Which of the following was true of the 1919 police strike in Boston?
Its aftermath inadvertently made Calvin Coolidge a national hero.
131
In what ways was the Great War the first "modern war," and how did combat during the Great War differ from previous conflicts?
The Great War was 'modern' as it introduced new military advancements, which contributed to casualty rates higher than any previous conflict. These immensely high casualties were brought on by newly developed weaponry, of which included submarines, aerial bombing, and long-range firepowder. Secondly, a new 'trench-warfare', seperated the Great War from previous battles; this warfare was desgined to exhuast enemies, and was uniquely grueling for soldiers to endure. The Great War also permitted multiple minorities to fight, of which I find to be fairly modern for the time.
132
The Zimmermann telegram triggered the beginning of Russia's exit from the First World War.
False
133
Which of the following countries were regarded as the Big Four during the Paris Peace Conference?
Italy, the United States, Britain, and France
134
The so-called Arabic Pledge involved Wilson's stand to stop North Africa's fall into chaos during the war.
False
135
What was the significance of the ship Lusitania?
It was a British passenger ship secretly carrying ammunition, and its sinking by German U-boats sparked an outcry in the United States.
136
Which of the following is an example of how the United States helped the Allied powers prior to joining the war?
American banks and the U.S. government offered loans and credits to the Allies that allowed the Allies to pay for purchases.
137
Which of the following is true of the congressional resolution for war?
It passed by a large majority.
138
Which of the following occurred when news of the European war first reached the United States?
Wilson publicly promoted neutrality while privately ensuring the United States provided supplies to the Allies.
139
During the Great War, some American symphonies refused to perform Bach and Beethoven due to the common assumption that it was disloyal to associate with anything German.
True
140
Which nation was known as the "powder keg of Europe" because of its internal tensions and ethnic diversity?
the Austro-Hungarian Empire
141
Which of the following statements characterizes trench warfare during the Great War?
Its main objective was to exhaust enemy resources.
142
What was the purpose behind the Food Administration?
to increase agricultural production while reducing civilian food consumption
143
For violating the Espionage Act, Socialist leader Eugene Debs
received a ten-year prison term.
144
What was Wilson referring to when he spoke about "the heart of the League"?
the possibility of imposing economic sanctions and using moral influence to avoid military actions
145
The Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed all women the right to vote.
True
146
What industry provided the leading example of modern, mechanized mass-production techniques in the 1920s?
automobiles
147
Most women who worked outside the home labored in unskilled, low-paying jobs.
True
148
Who told Hemingway that he and his friends who had served in the war were "a lost generation"?
Gertrude Stein
149
What change did young people experience during the 1920s?
a defiant sexual revolution
150
Conservative moralists saw the flappers as another sign of
a degenerating society.
151
The Harlem Renaissance was, in part, a result of the Great Migration.
True
152
What impact did Einstein's theories have on the cultural and social ideals of the time?
People started to question absolutes in relation to truth and morality.
153
Jazz music was a combination of folk, gospel, and country.
False
154
Which of the following led voters to elect Warren G. Harding as president in 1920?
the desire to restore traditional values and social stability
155
Which of the following did modernists believe?
Challenging traditional values and notions of reality is important.
156
In the 1920s, the progressive wings of the Republican and Democratic parties grew stronger and more influential.
False
157
To what extent did women's lives change in the 1920s?
In 1920, women finally gained the right to vote. This direction of equality emboldend some women to turn away from the 'traditional' domestic ideals, assuming the roles of the then-scandalous 'flappers', as well as pursue important health care qualities, such as birth control. However these advancements were a great step, a lack of gender equality yet existed; education for women was discouraged, women of color suffered discrimination, and domestic work for all women was still, primarily supported.
158
The lives of famous men such as William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey and George Herman "Babe" Ruth show which of the following was happening during the 1920s?
Watching sports was becoming a favorite pastime.
159
The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is known as the Prohibition amendment and resulted in ________.
Eighteenth; widespread lawbreaking
160
What was the Great Migration?
the mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North in pursuit of better living conditions and jobs
161
Which of the following accurately describes the "new women" of the 1920s, such as flappers?
women who defied traditional standards for women by displaying a carefree, self-indulgent rebelliousness
162
When Hemingway published his first novel, The Sun Also Rises, he used the phrase "lost generation," which also became a name for young modernists of the time.
True
163
The 1920s pitted a cosmopolitan urban America against the values of an insular rural America.
True
164
Which of the following statements was true of Marcus Garvey?
He said Blacks should return to Africa.
165
Which court case or legal action brought the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments back to life?
Guinn v. United States (1915)
166
According to nativists, which of the following groups was to blame for American radicalism?
immigrants
167
Where was the first automobile plant with an assembly line located?
Detroit, Michigan
168
Which of the following happened during Harding's presidency?
a succession of scandals
169
Who was the primary architect of the U.S. repatriation policy for Mexican Americans?
Herbert Hoover
170
How did Roosevelt respond to the banking crisis at the start of his presidency?
He declared a bank holiday and shut the banks down briefly.
171
What was the outcome of the Bonus Expeditionary Force?
A federal military force attacked the protesters in Washington, D.C.
172
The Wagner Act was intended to end labor unions.
False
173
The Agricultural Adjustment Administration required farmers to donate surplus crops and livestock to feed the poor.
False
174
Which of the following statements accurately describes the human toll of the Great Depression?
Disadvantaged groups suffered the most economic and social distress.
175
What was the Second New Deal?
the more radical phase of the New Deal agenda
176
Which of the following statements about Eleanor Roosevelt is accurate?
She was especially supportive of women, African Americans, and youth.
177
Where did most African Americans live and what occupation did they primarily hold in the 1930s?
South; farming
178
Who wrote Native Son (1940)?
Richard Wright
179
The federal government expanded its regulatory power over the securities (stock and bonds) industry as part of the First New Deal.
True
180
The Tennessee Valley Authority employed thousands to accomplish what task?
produce cheap electric power
181
Early in his presidency, Roosevelt ended Prohibition, in part to regain federal tax revenues from the sale of alcoholic beverages.
True
182
What did "Okie" refugees experience in California's agricultural industry in the 1930s?
poor-sanitation living conditions
183
What was the main purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps?
to provide work relief for young men through the preservation of national resources
184
How did Franklin Roosevelt's struggle with polio shape his political life?
It made him humbler and more sympathetic toward the impoverished.
185
What new direction did the labor movement take in the late 1930s?
the formation of industrial unions
186
What was the purpose of the Wagner Act?
It guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and bargain directly with management.
187
Which of the following groups pioneered the new tactic of the "sit-down strike" in the 1930s?
automobile workers
188
How did the Cornbelt Rebellion compare to the Bonus Expeditionary Force?
Both events reflected American discontent toward federal policy.
189
One major cause of the Depression was that manufacturers were producing more products than people were willing or able to buy.
True
190
How did President Herbert Hoover initially respond to the growing social crisis caused by the Great Depression?
He remained upbeat and emphasized voluntarism by charities and individuals to solve the problem.
191
Which of the following statements about the Social Security Act of 1935 is true?
The program involved a federal retirement fund for people over sixty-five and was meant to supplement other sources of income.
192
Who were the Marx Brothers?
They produced plotless masterpieces of irreverent satire that provided a sense of escape.
193
What did Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common before they married?
They were related as distant cousins.
194
Describe the various measures that President Roosevelt undertook in his first term to help relieve the human misery in America.
Once inagurated, Roosevelt had a multitude of challenges to face, regarding primarily the destruction the Great Depression had left. This focused, generally, on a destroyed economy and a lack of jobs available. The solution proposed was the First New Deal, a selection of programs initiated with the purpose of relieving said human misery.
Of the programs I can recall, include, the FDIC which ensured banking stability, and safety, so as to prohibit further panics, as well as the CCC, which provided camps for the unemployed, and jobs that focused mainly on physical labor and natural preservation.
195
Which of the following occurred during the Tehran Conference where Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt all met for the first time?
They discussed the planned invasion of France and Russian offense across eastern Europe as well as made early plans for the United Nations.
196
Discuss America's industrial and economic mobilization for the Second World War and explain how it proved essential to the eventual Allied victory.
Industrial moblization: During World War II, Roosevelt directed the majority of industrial production towards the war effort, leading to a large number of tanks, warplanes, and military weapons produced, of which contributed greatly to the Allied victory.
Economic mobilization: As it was important for America to appropriately support their army and allies in food and clothing, said amenities declined on the homefront. To effectively reserve these resources, people rationed food, as well as recycled materials to be used in the war-effort, of which eventually led to a modest rise in consumer prices, a contradiction to the large rise of World I.
197
What was the significance of the 1945 Yalta Conference?
Roosevelt yielded to some of Stalin's territorial desires in order to secure Soviet help to defeat Japan and Soviet participation in the United Nations.
198
What did the governments of Italy and Germany have in common by the 1930s?
Both had established fascist forms of government.
199
In what way was Operation Overlord a turning point in the war?
It opened a western front in the war around the same time the Soviets advanced on Germany from the east.
200
Which of the following occurred as a result of the bracero program in 1942?
Due to labor shortages in American farm counties, Mexico agreed to send seasonal farmworkers to the United States on yearlong contracts.
201
What did American soldiers discover upon reaching the interior of Germany in 1945?
concentration camps where the Nazis systematically murdered millions of Jews
202
Who was Franklin Roosevelt's opponent in the 1940 presidential election?
Wendell Willkie
203
The Nye Committee concluded that the United States should enter the Second World War only if it was directly attacked first.
False
204
In late 1942, how did Great Britain and the United States stop German submarines from sinking British vessels faster than shipyards could replace them?
They cracked the German naval radio codes and effectively evaded or hunted the submarines.
205
France rapidly fell to the Nazis, shocking the world and causing complacency toward the Nazis in the United States to turn to fear.
True
206
How did Japan and Germany leaders compare during the 1930s?
At the same time as Adolf Hitler professed his intention to use Germany's supposed racial supremacy to dominate Europe, Japanese leaders purported their intention for their "master race" to direct a resurgent Asia.
207
The agreements at the Yalta Conference included Stalin's pledge to enter the war against Japan, but he demanded territories from Japan and China in exchange.
True
208
General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz developed the __________ strategy to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific war.
island-hopping
209
An incident at the Marco Polo Bridge in 1937 triggered a full-scale war between Japan and French Indochina.
False
210
The government initially had plans to develop a Women's Army Corps (WAC) but never received enough funding or interest for it to officially take off.
False
211
Which of the following was a result of the Second World War?
The United States became more deeply committed to international affairs.
212
What were "war relocation camps"?
They were internment camps for over 100,000 Japanese Americans during the war due to racial and fear-based prejudice.
213
American isolationism declined in the turmoil of the Great Depression of the early 1930s.
False
214
Which of the following statements accurately describes the decision-making process behind the use of atomic bombs against Japan?
American military planners reasoned that use of the bombs would prevent an invasion that could cost more than a million lives.
215
Which of the following statements about the Battle of Okinawa is true?
It was the largest amphibious operation of the war in the Pacific and the staging area for a planned invasion of Japan.
216
The Atlantic Charter stated definitively that the United States would remain neutral in Britain's war against Germany.
False
217
What was the result of the Truman Doctrine?
It committed the United States to help "free people" who were facing pressure from Communism.
218
In his Wheeling speech, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists in
the State Department.
219
In basic terms, what did the North Atlantic Treaty Organization declare?
that an attack to any of its members would be considered an attack to all
220
Due to shrinking military production, a deep recession followed the end of the Second World War for many years.
False
221
Among Truman's strengths, as he assumed the presidency, were his
authenticity and ability to arise above his limitations.
222
Senator McCarthy was very effective in
exploiting public fears.
223
Which statement describes Truman's stance towards racism and racial segregation?
He eventually promoted integration in the federal government.
224
How has the perception of Truman's presidency evolved over time?
During Truman's presidency, many Americans blamed him for issues such as higher taxes and higher prices for consumers brought on by the war; years later, many have come to view him more positively, appreciating that he dealt with a complex set of problems.
225
As a result of the Korean War, U.S. foreign policy led to U.S. military intervention in
Southeast Asia
226
Once the Second World War was over, the United States took on permanent global responsibilities. How did these commitments change the federal government?
The federal government became larger, more powerful, and more secretive.
227
Why did Truman remove General MacArthur from command?
for public insubordination
228
What was the role of the Marshall Plan?
It was an international economic recovery program that also sought to reduce socialist influence in Europe and reestablish a strong Western Europe, rooted in the American capitalist system.
229
By the spring of 1945, the United States and Britain became deeply concerned over Soviet actions in
Eastern Europe.
230
What was the result of Operation Wetback?
300,000 undocumented immigrants deported with frequent violations of their civil rights
231
How did Arab states react to the United Nations' decision to partition Palestine?
They regarded it as an act of war.
232
In retrospect, which of the following led to the Cold War?
ideological competition between democratic capitalism and totalitarian Communism
233
What does McCarthyism refer to?
Senator McCarthy's groundless accusations against alleged Communists
234
Describe the Red Scare that followed the end of the Second World War. What factors caused it? What were its major results?
The Red Scare which followed the end of World War II, was, in totality, an anti-communist hysteria, prompted by the belief that Soviet communists had invaded American society. The largest result of this was the growth of McCarythism, a verbally violent, anti-communist movement. The leader of this, McCarthy, falsely accused and attacked many innocent individuals, with the supposed goal of uncovering communists in America.
235
What is significant about the way Truman got the United States involved in the Korean War?
He was able to do it without a congressional declaration.
236
Which of the following is true of Truman's Fair Deal proposals?
Most of them were simply extensions or enlargements of New Deal programs, and a bipartisan conservative coalition in Congress successfully blocked their passage.
237
Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to
launch an airlift of supplies to West Berlin.
238
When confronted with strikes in the coal and railroad industries in 1946, President Truman's response was to
temporarily take federal control of those industries.
239
Truman banned racial discrimination in the federal government and segregation in the military.
True
240
During the presidential election of 1948, Republicans saw little hope for victory.
False
241
Which of the following was authored by Paul Nitze and endorsed a massive, militarized version of containment that guided American foreign policy for decades?
NSC-68
242
Why did the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) work to replace the leaders of Guatemala and Iran in the 1950s?
Both countries had government regimes that were viewed as "unfriendly" and susceptible to joining the Soviet bloc.
243
Which of the following groups was at the forefront of the early civil rights movement?
African Americans
244
Which of the following statements describes Elvis Presley's recordings?
They blended a variety of musical styles.
245
The United States supported Britain and France as they tried to seize control of the Suez Canal in 1956.
False
246
What did the millions of women who worked in factories, mills, and defense plants do when the Second World War ended?
They became housewives.
247
The Federal-Aid Highway Act was the largest federal project in history at the time.
True
248
According to popular magazines like Life, what was a woman's greatest success?
producing children and taking care of family
249
What trend did home ownership tend to follow between 1945 and 1960?
It significantly increased.
250
What strategy did Martin Luther King, Jr. and the activists who organized the Montgomery bus boycott follow in their protest?
They used peaceful actions.
251
Which of the following statements describes the Beats?
This controversial group of artists was self-absorbed and reckless, and often rejected the traditional responsibilities of middle-class life.
252
What made Elvis Presley a controversial figure in his time?
his suggestive dancing onstage
253
Joseph McCarthy was tried for perjury and sentenced to serve time in jail for his crusade against Communists.
False
254
Trace the development of U.S.-Middle East relations during the Eisenhower administration.
In response to unknown CIA intervention by the U.S. within the Middle East ( directed with the purpose of overthrowing possible Soviet allies), vexation grew and thus tensions. During Eisenhower's administration, the significant events that occurred here included the Suez crisis- in which he was able to avoid military involvement- and later, the Eisenhower Doctrine, which placed the United States in the overview of Western interests throughout the Middle East.
255
Due to the overall prosperity of the decade, Blacks were able to close the income gap with Whites by the end of the 1950s.
False
256
The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in
the suburbs.
257
What was the main purpose of the GI Bill?
to prevent widespread unemployment
258
Which of the following events was sparked by Rosa Parks' actions?
The Montgomery bus boycott
259
To which Empire did Indochina belong when the Indochina War started?
French
260
What was the significance of the Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)?
It created a large network of interstate highways, which in turn helped create jobs, tourism opportunities, and economic growth.
261
Which of the following statements is true of the United States in the 1950s?
Although White middle-class Americans enjoyed unprecedented economic growth, the idealized image of America at the time was much more complicated in terms of race and class.
262
Why did the U-2 summit end so poorly for the United States?
The Soviets were able to use their shooting down of a U.S. spy plane to embarrass Eisenhower.
263
The Beats formed their name based on their belief that society had "beaten" them, or triumphed over their spirits.
False
264
The availability of air-conditioning during the postwar years led to which of the following?
an increase in the population of the Sun Belt states
265
Who was, according to Nixon, the silent majority?
working- and middle-class Americans
266
Which of the following statements describes Lyndon Johnson?
He yearned to be recognized as a transformational leader.
267
From the beginning of his presidency, Kennedy vigorously supported Black civil rights.
False
268
President Johnson's first priority on the domestic front was to
get Kennedy's legislative program through Congress.
269
Though Johnson believed the United States had an obligation to keep its promises to South Vietnam, another reason he committed American forces to combat operations was to
"Americanize" the war and avoid the political damage of seeming soft on communism by losing.
270
By the time of the 1960 presidential race, John F. Kennedy had far more experience in national politics than did Richard Nixon.
False
271
How, according to Martin Luther King, did the Vietnam War affect the Black population?
It took away funds from federal programs serving the poor.
272
Barry Goldwater said, "Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice."
True
273
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee sought to intensify and expand on the demonstrations inspired by the Greensboro Four.
True
274
Which of the following did the Warren court do in its controversial Miranda v. Arizona decision?
It required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights.
275
Which of the following statements summarizes John F. Kennedy's stance on civil rights?
He celebrated racial equality but was reluctant to promote it himself due to the fear of alienating potential political allies.
276
By 1966, Black leaders like Stokely Carmichael and Malcolm X were proponents of what they termed
Black Power.
277
The Freedom Summer volunteers avoided any violent attacks, in contrast to what had happened to the Freedom Riders years earlier.
False
278
Kennedy belonged to the "pragmatic generation" and represented a wave of politicians who had fought in the Second World War.
True
279
Which of the following did Nikita Khrushchev do in 1961 in response to John F. Kennedy's decision to send members of the Army Reserve and National Guard to protect West Berlin?
He erected the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin.
280
Johnson's Medicaid program provided medical benefits to which of the following groups?
poor people of all ages
281
John F. Kennedy tried to discourage the Freedom Riders from continuing their protests because he believed their efforts would embarrass him during his summit meeting with Nikita Khrushchev.
True
282
True
Vietnamese generals put in power by the United States
283
Which of the following of John F. Kennedy's domestic initiatives was approved by Congress?
an increase in the minimum wage
284
Johnson's Great Society programs helped reduce the number of people living in poverty but did so by providing payments rather than jobs.
True
285
What was the main reason the Soviets placed missiles in Cuba?
to deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba
286
How and why did Lyndon Johnson's presidency mark a turning point for American involvement in Vietnam?
Why: Motivated by the resolve to appear strong in his presidency and resist all forms of communism, Johnson escalated American involvement in Vietnam.
How: The Tonkin Gulf Resolution allowed Johnson to 'protect' America and increase U.S forces in Vietnam - this was, however, created by the false news of Vietnam attacking American ships first.
287
Which of the following is true of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
It outlawed segregation in public facilities on the basis of race, sex, or national origin.
288
What prompted Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
false reports that the North Vietnamese had fired first on two American naval ships
289
Which of the following created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission?
the Civil Rights Act of 1964
290
Which was President Kennedy's role in the Bay of Pigs invasion?
He inherited the mission from his predecessor and endorsed the plan.
291
Latino civil rights leaders faced an awkward dilemma when it came to dealing with
illegal immigration from Latin America, which they feared threatened their own economic advancement.
292
Compare the Hispanic rights and "Red Power" movements of the 1960s and 1970s with the African American civil rights movement that had preceded them. As part of your response, consider key figures, tactics, and achievements.
Comparitively, all movements generally maintained non-violent approaches to achieve their goals. Within the Hispanic civil right movements, much like the African American civil rights movements, they denounced segregation, and sought improved schooling, while elimnating discrimination in the hiring processes. To compare a significant figure, Chavez was like Martin Luther King Jr. in how he viewed his actions correlation to religion.
293
Which of the following was a result of the efforts of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to prevent the presidency of Salvador Allende in Chile?
General Augusto Pinochet came to power, seized American businesses in Chile, and murdered political opponents.
294
Stagflation tends to involve low unemployment rates.
False
295
Which of the following did James (Jimmy) Carter Jr. represent?
the new moderate wing of the Democratic party
296
Which of the following could be called a "silver lining" of the Watergate scandal?
It caused Congress to limit executive power with the War Powers Act and to pass reforms limiting campaign contributions and the use of "executive privilege."
297
What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade?
The Court ruled that women have a "right to choose" whether to keep a pregnancy, as it would affect their health and well-being.
298
Richard Nixon resigned before he was impeached for Watergate-related offenses.
True
299
What Southeast Asian nation did the United States invade in April 1970 to clean out hidden Vietnamese Communist bases?
Cambodia
300
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Pentagon Papers?
They revealed that the Johnson administration had deceived the public regarding war policy, especially regarding the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 1964.
301
How did the complacent prosperity of the 1950s give rise to the social turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s?
The civil rights movement inspired efforts to ensure equal treatment for other minorities, while at the same time opposition to the Vietnam War helped launch an unprecedented youth revolt.
302
What did Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 do?
It prohibited educational programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance from showing gender discrimination.
303
Which of the following did Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" involve?
gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam
304
Focused on promoting Native American rights, the "Red Power" movement sought to accelerate the pace of change by organizing protests and demonstrations against local, state, and federal agencies.
True
305
Which of the following best describes the late 1960s counterculture?
an unorganized and leaderless rebellion that focused on cultural change more than political activism
306
What role did The Feminine Mystique play in American history?
It explained the challenges of many upper- and middle-class women and helped launch the second phase of the feminist movement.
307
What was the purpose of the War Powers Act?
It requires presidents to inform Congress within forty-eight hours if U.S. troops are deployed in combat, and to withdraw them after sixty days if Congress does not declare war or approve their stay.
308
Essential to breaking the Watergate case was the 1973 testimony of White House legal counsel John Dean before the Ervin committee. What did he testify?
that the president had approved a White House cover-up
309
Why did a "full-fledged youth revolt" erupt in America in the early 1960s?
The sits-ins, protests, and sacrifices of civil rights activists inspired other groups to demand justice, freedom, and equality.
310
What had happened in South Vietnam by the end of 1975 following the Paris Peace Accords?
North Vietnamese troops gained the upper hand over South Vietnam, successfully invading and capturing Saigon.
311
More U.S. troops were in Vietnam at the end of Nixon's presidency than were there at the beginning.
False
312
Which of the following was the most important domestic policy issue facing Richard Nixon in the early 1970s?
stagflation
313
What was the event that helped trigger the gay rights movement of the 1970s?
the Stonewall riots
314
What was the name of the hotel-apartment-office complex where a break-in occurred at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters in 1972?
Watergate
315
Gerald Ford suffered terrible political damage when he
pardoned Nixon.
316
The Tower Commission report blamed much of the Iran-Contra scandal on
Reagan's loose management style.
317
In Germany, a bloody revolution brought the destruction of the Berlin Wall.
False
318
Many opponents to the North American Free Trade Agreement favored tariffs to discourage the importation of cheaper foreign products.
True
319
What did the Contract with America promise?
to reduce taxes and regulations
320
Once president, how did George Bush differentiate himself from Ronald Regan?
by withdrawing support for the Contras in Nicaragua
321
President Bill Clinton depended on significant Republican support for the North American Free Trade Agreement to be approved in Congress.
True
322
What was Reagan's relationship with the Sandinistas in Nicaragua?
He financed a military group to attack them.
323
One of President Bush's major domestic successes was
assisting people with disabilities.
324
What was the state of the American economy during the 1980s?
Reduced tax rates gave Americans more money to spend.
325
Which of the following describes the individuals who comprised the movement led by Phyllis Schlafly?
Part of a backlash to the feminist movement, they helped keep the equal rights amendment from being ratified.
326
Where in Central America was the Reagan administration seriously concerned that Communist-backed revolutionaries might take over?
El Salvador
327
A high percentage of homeless people in the 1980s were
mentally ill without health services.
328
Which of the following opposed Iraq in the Gulf War and launched Operation Desert Storm?
a coalition of over thirty nations
329
What was the leading cause of death among men aged twenty-four to forty-four by the beginning of the twenty-first century?
AIDS
330
Which of the following initiatives passed Congress during Bill Clinton's first term as president?
raising taxes for corporations
331
Which of the following can be counted as one of President Jimmy Carter's early successes?
pushing significant environmental initiatives through Congress
332
The Reagan administration's initial response to AIDS was to
largely ignore it as a "gay" disease.
333
The crucial development in the Soviet Union in August 1991 was
a failed Communist coup.
334
Which of the following was a result of the 1991 Gulf War?
Saddam Hussein remained in power, but some Arabs felt humiliated by the American triumph.
335
Which of the following statements describes the approach Carter took in his 1979 Crisis of Confidence speech?
He appeared to blame Americans themselves for focusing on materialism rather than on what he felt was important in life.
336
He appeared to blame Americans themselves for focusing on materialism rather than on what he felt was important in life.
It was the first time that U.S. and Soviet leaders agreed to destroy a whole class of weapons systems.
337
What was the Moral Majority?
an organization that campaigned for the political and social objectives of the Christian Right, including the reversal of the legalization of abortion and the reduction of the size of the government
338
What were the main foreign policy achievements of the Carter administration? Where did Carter fail?
Of President Carter's primary foreign policy achievements, Camp David Accords, the return of the Panama canal, and 'Carter's Doctorine', prove to be the most significant. With success, the negotations known as Camp David Accords drove Egypt to recognize Israel, the first time an Arab nation has ever acknowledged Israel. Secondly, Carter returned the Panama canal to Panama, which represented America's civility.
Carter's failure, however, is prompted in the Carter doctorine which created a constant, American military prescence in the Middle East.
339
Which of the following did Trump accomplish during his first year in office?
confirming Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch and passing a new tax cut
340
The DREAM Act of 2012 centered on what issue?
undocumented immigrants
341
What was one of the factors that led to the waning of the Occupy Wall Street movement?
The activists struggled to articulate their goals as effectively as they voiced what they opposed.
342
What was the name of the conservative movement in 2009 that challenged the growth of government and federal spending?
the Tea Party
343
By 2019, most of the country's population was living in rural areas rather than cities or suburbs.
False
344
The American Relief Plan signed by President Biden in March 2021 was the largest anti-poverty program since what era in U.S. history?
President Roosevelt's New Deal legislation of the 1930s
345
What was an effect of Shelby County v. Holder (2013)?
It allowed for states in the South to enact laws making it harder for minorities and poor people to vote.
346
Which Supreme Court justice died just weeks before the 2020 presidential election?
Ruth Bader Ginsberg
347
Evaluate Barack Obama's presidency. As part of your answer, be sure to discuss both international developments as well as domestic events.
Obama assumed presidency while America was in deep crisis- this included a weak economy following the Great Recession, rising unemployment, and international hostilities. The first domestic event Obama resolved was fixing the economic disaster by signing a huge stimulus. He secondly implemeneted the Affordable Health Care Act, in order to make health care more accesible.
Internationally, Obama restored cordial relations with Cuba after 50 years of hostility. He also implemented the 'Obama Doctorine', which withdrew thousands of American troops from Iraq.
348
In 2008, Barack Obama ran an impressive social media campaign.
True
349
Which of the following nations reported unusual cases of pneumonia to the World Health Organization in late 2019?
China
350
What is the historical significance of President Trump's impeachment following the January 6 attack on Congress?
He is the first president in U.S. history to be impeached twice.
351
Which of the following characterizes Obama's second term?
a period of political gridlock due to intense partisanship
352
Which of the following statements describes the centerpiece of President Obama's effort to restore the economy?
He signed a huge economic stimulus package that saved the nation from a financial meltdown.
353
What was President George W. Bush's response to the financial crisis?
to support a federal bailout of the banking industry
354
Why did Rod Rosenstein appoint Robert Mueller III as a special counsel in May 2017?
to investigate the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 election
355
In 2013, the United States held its first high-level talks with Iran since 1979, when Iranian militants took U.S. embassy employees in Tehran hostage.
True
356
How did nations respond to the spread of COVID-19 in February 2020?
Governments ordered people to stay home.
357
Ultimately, the outcome of the 2000 election depended on the final result in what state?
Florida
358
In 2014, President Obama announced that the United States and Cuba were going to
restore normal relations.
359
In March 2020, the economy experienced a sharp, sudden downturn that some economists called
a pandemic depression.
360
By 2019, for the first time in the nation's history, the majority of immigrants came not from Europe but from other parts of the world.
True
361
President George W. Bush's primary justification for the Iraq War was reaffirmed with the discovery of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.
False
362
Who was the United States' leading infectious disease specialist when the COVID-19 virus broke out?
Anthony Fauci
363
By mid-2020, what were the results of Trump's efforts to build a continuous wall between the United States and Mexico?
He spent billions of dollars with little to show for it.
