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sophomore year finals > Semester 2 final- bio > Flashcards

Semester 2 final- bio Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

what is one reason common names are not used by biologists

A

they can apply to more than one animal

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2
Q

one goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as

A

binomial nomenclature

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3
Q

according to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which term is capitalized

A

the genus name only

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4
Q

based on their name, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same

A

species

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5
Q

the second part of a scientific name is unique to each

A

species in its genus

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6
Q

often the second part of a scientific name is

A

a description of a trait or habitat

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7
Q

which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system

A

phylum and kingdom

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8
Q

the grouping of organisms based on their common descent

A

evolutionary classification

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9
Q

in biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as

A

derived character

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10
Q

all organisms in the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and animalia are

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in harsh environments

A

archaea

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12
Q

viruses

A

vary greatly in size and structures

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13
Q

unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do not

A

lyse the host cell right away

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14
Q

the instructions for making new copies of a virus are

A

coded in either RNA or DNA

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15
Q

how do the viruses cause disease

A

by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

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16
Q

during a lytic infection, the host cell

A

is destroyed when its bursts

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17
Q

what is the basic structure of a virus

A

RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat

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18
Q

viral diseases can be

A

prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

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19
Q

the outer protien coat of a virus is called

A

a capsid

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20
Q

what materials make up many viruses

A

proteins, nucleic acids and lipids

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21
Q

viral infections can be prevented by vaccines which are

A

preparations of weakened or killed viruses

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22
Q

a lytic infection concludes with the

A

bursting of the host cell

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23
Q

a prophage is made of

A

viral DNA

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24
Q

bacteria and archaea different in

A

the makeup of cell walls

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25
what shape is coccus bacterial cells
spherical
26
which of the following can survive with or without oxygen
facultative anaerobes
27
during what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information
conjugation
28
prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called
decomposers
29
how do bacteria cause disease
by destroying cells and releasing toxins
30
bacteria that cause disease are called
pathogens
31
an unknown disease or well-known disease that suddenly become harder to control
an emerging disease
32
what might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs
use antibiotics only when necessary
33
what kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins in the brain?
prions
34
prions different from viruses because
prions contain no DNA or RNA
35
single celled eukaryotes that are not members of the Plantae, fungi, or animal kingdoms
protists
36
most protists are
unicellular
37
example of a multicellular protists
kelp
38
exchange of genetic information and then cell enters mitosis
conjugation
39
what does a cell do after conjugation
mitosis
40
has 2 different life cycles and structures alternate between haploid and diploid stages
alternation of generations
41
how do water molds reproduce
asexually by producing sporangium that contains spores
42
small, free floating organisms that are found at the surface of the oceans and lakes
phytoplankton
43
phytoplankton carry out ___ the photosynthesis on earth
1/2
44
capture and digest food through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it is broken down by lysosomes
ameobas
45
individual amebo forms that form large structures that have many nuclei called plasmodium that absorb molecules for nutrients through cell walls and membranes
slime molds
46
trypanosoma are _______ ______ that cause _______ ________ _______
flagellated protists African Sleeping Sickness
47
heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin
fungus
48
What is the Fruiting body
reproductive structure of a fungus made of hyphae that grows from the mycelium
49
can you see the mycelium
no it remains below and is not visible
50
tangled mass of branching hyphae below the soil
mycelium
51
what do fungi do when they break down dead plants and dead materials
fungi return nutrients and trace elements that plants remove from the soil
52
mutualistic association between fungus and a photosynthetic organism
lichen
53
lichens are an ______ association between _____ and a _____ ______
mutualistic fungus photosynthetic organism
54
Mycorrhizae is a ______ relationship between a _____ _____ especially at the _____
mutualistic green plant fungus roots
55
what is the role of the mycorrhizae
to collect water and minerals and bring them to the roots to increase surface area and growth
56
are able to survive in harsh environments and usually the first to invade barren environment
lichens
57
what do plants use sunlight for
use the energy captured by leaves to carry out photosynthesis
58
what are the ancestors of plants
water dwelling organisms similar to single-celled green algae
59
what is the Diploid phase
2N sporophyte- spore producing plant
60
what was the first plant? Where was it found?
Green Algae aquatic or in moist areas on land
61
what was the first multicellular plant?
Green Algae
62
what anchor Bryophytes to the soil
rhizoids
63
examples of bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
64
vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis
phloem
65
plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering
seed
66
what develop in reproductive structures called cones
gametophytes
67
where do gametophytes develop
cones
68
where is the male gametophyte contained
in the pollen grain made in the male cones
69
what is a one seed leaf (cotyledon)
monocot
70
annuals
life span of one year
71
obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms
heterotrophs
72
cell membranes that lack cell walls
multicellular
73
contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic
74
all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column
invertebrates
75
how many phyla do invertebrates have
33
76
what percent of animals are invertebrates
95%
77
Chordates
Phylum Chordata
78
what percent of animals are Chordata
fewer than 5%
79
Chordates have
a tail that extends past the anus
80
paired structures in the throat region
pharyngeal pouches
81
what do pharyngeal pouches develop into _____ that are used for gas exchange
gills
82
_____ ______ or ____ cells gather information and respond
nervous system or nerve
83
helps produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system
muscle tissue
84
works with the skeletal system to coordinate movement
muscles
85
some vertebrate can reproduce asexually what does this allow
animals numbers to increase but they are genetically identical
86
what types of tissues do animals have
epithelial muscle connective nervous
87
body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry
radial symmetry
88
body can be divided into right and left sides that are mirror images
bilateral symmetry
89
back portion (ex. dorsal fin of a dolphin)
upper dorsal
90
innermost, develop into digestive tract and respiratory systems
endoderm
91
body cavity (a fluid space between the digestive tract and body wall) completely lined with mesoderm
coelom
92
fertilized egg
zygote
93
the fertilized egg develops into a hollow ball of cells
blastula
94
internal or external body parts repeat on each side of the body like legs or arms
segmentation
95
appendages can vary in species what is an example of this
forelimbs
96
types of forelimbs
human arms dolphin flippers wings of birds

sophomore year finals (2 decks)

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