Semester 5 Nursing Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
Puerperal sepsis is a _____ infection of any part of the female reproductive tract following child brith or miscarriage
A
Bacterial
2
Q
Scientific mothering is when?
A
women seek scientific/medical advice regarding proper mothering techniques
3
Q
What does the term wedlock mean?
A
The state of being married
4
Q
Frederick Truby King established what society in NZ?
A
RNZ plunket society
5
Q
What year was the plunket society established?
A
1907
6
Q
Which Prime Minister established the welfare state 1930-1960?
A
Michael Joseph Savage
7
Q
Who set up state housing in NZ?
A
PM Michael Joseph Savage
8
Q
____ rights were seen in the 1960s
A
womens
9
Q
What year was the child health program review?
A
1998
10
Q
Bill English established the ____ ____ strategy in 1998
A
Child Health
11
Q
In what year was the agenda for children introduced?
A
2002
12
Q
The UNICEF innocenti report card- 6 dimensions of child wellbeing reports that NZ has the ____ to worst teen pregnancy rates
A
2nd!!!
13
Q
The ‘triple jeopardy’ by Asher 2008 identifies what three things that effect people in NZ (3 P’S)
A
- Poor access to health care
- Poor housing
- Poverty
14
Q
The three most common causes of death in young people aged 15-24 include
A
Injury
Suicide
Cancer
15
Q
The three most common causes of death in infants include
A
SIDS
Congenital anomalies
Suffocation in bed
16
Q
What is the name of the contemporary indigenous health initiative in NZ driven by Maori Cultural values?
A
Whanau Ora
17
Q
Between what years were health targets introduced into NZ?
A
2007-2008
18
Q
What risk factor is the most common from preventing children/youth from reaching optimal health
A
Smoking
19
Q
The 3 most common hormones in pregnancy are?
A
- Beta HCG
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
20
Q
Where is Beta HCG produced
A
The placenta
21
Q
When the uterus enlarges during pregnancy what effects does it have on the respiratory system?
A
Diaphragmatic breathing due to increased pressure and hyperventilation due to the increased tidal volume
22
Q
During pregnancy why does cardiac output increase?
A
Because the mother needs an increased blood flow to the placenta
23
Q
If CO increased what other 2 factors will increase
A
HR & SV
24
Q
Is it normal for blood pressure to drop during pregnancy?
A
Yes because of wide spread vasodilation due to pregnancy hormones
25
As plasma volume increases due to pregnancy it contributes to peripheral ____
oedema
26
The mothers plasma volume will most likely increase by __ to ___ %
40 to 50 %
27
RBC often decrease by ___ % which may lead to___?
25 % & anaemia
28
Why does the mothers RBC decrease?
Because the plasma volume increases
29
During pregnancy do clotting factors increase or decrease ?
Increase
30
An increase in clotting factors leads to what risk factor for pregnant women?
Deep vein thrombosis
31
What muscoskeletal changes can be seen during pregnancy? (Name 5)
1. Abdominal cavity growth
2. Lorodosis
3. Carpel tunnel syndrome
4. Sciatica due to compression of nerve
5. Muscle cramping
32
What are the 4 most common effects pregnancy has on the skin/dermatological function?
1. Stretch marks
2. Increased pigmentation
3. Spiderangiodema
4. Flushing
33
What gland increases in function to produce more hormones during pregnancy?
Pituitary gland
34
______ gland hypertrophy causes an increase in _____ secretion which may result in a mucus ____
Cervical - mucus - plug
35
What hormone causes vaginal lactobacilli proliferation, reducing vaginal pH and protecting it from pathogens?
Oestrogen
36
Hormones and breast changes
______ allows for the lactiferous duct system of the breast to develop
______ causes the breast lobules to enlarge
Oestrogen
| Progesterone
37
The breast lobule cells create what?
Milk
38
Renal blood flow increases by 40% during pregnancy
| True or false?
True
39
Two common complication from an increase in renal blood flow/ increased GFR include?
Incontinence and polyuria
40
The hormone progesterone or oestrogen? causes the renal ureters to dilate/constrict? allowing for more filtrate to pass through
Progesterone - dilate
41
What type of muscle does progesterone relax?
Smooth Muscle
42
The smooth muscle relaxation caused by progesterone and increased pressure in the abdomen may result in one main gastrointestinal complication known as _____
GORD
43
Once an egg is fertilised it is known as a?
Zygote
44
When zygote cells begin to divide it forms a ___cyst?
Blastocyst
45
How long to blastocysts float around the uterus for?
1 day
46
On what day following ovulation does implantation of the blastocyst occur?
Day 5
47
The blastocyst has 3 layers of cells
| True or false?
False it has 2
48
The inner layer of blastocyst cells will become the ____ following fertalisation
Foetus
49
The outer layer of blastocyst cells will become the foetal part of the placenta following fertilisation and are now known as ___?
Trophoblast cells
50
What hormone other than oestrogen and progesterone are tested for to detect pregnancy?
HCG- Human chorionic gonadotropin
51
Human chorionic gonadotropin is released by the ____blasts
trophoblasts
52
If a pregnant women in her third trimester had a blood tests done, would her haematocrit be increased or decreased?
Decreased because plasma volume is higher then RBC volume
53
A decreased haematocrit is considered normal in pregnancy resulting in physiological anaemia of pregnancy ? True or false ?
True!!!
54
A pregnant woman heart rate usually increases by how many bpm to compensate for the extra blood flow?
20 bpm
55
Is it normal for a pregnant woman to have mild cardiac hypertrophy?
Yes because of the increased blood flow resulting in an increased HR, SV and CO. The hypertrophy will decrease after delivery
56
What hormone causes vasodilation?
Progesterone
57
Is a low blood pressure or high blood pressure normal in pregnancy?
Low! because progesterone causes vasodilation
58
The enlarging uterus may push up on the pelvic veins which may result in ______ veins and peripheral _____
Varicose veins and peripheral oedema
59
If the uterus enlarges and pushes on the bladder it will cause?
Frequent urination
60
Do the kidneys size increase during pregnancy? why? why not?
Yes because of the increased blood flow - its a compensatory mechanism
61
Hydroureter is the term known for?
Enlarged ureters
62
Do pregnant women experience milk respiratory alkalosis or acidosis ? and why?
alkalosis
| Because progesterone relaxes the thorax muscles which increases tidal volume and decreases CO levels in the blood.
63
Resp alkalosis enables the _____ transfer to the foetus
oxygen
64
Oestrogen increases or decreases vascularisation? which causes sinus congestion and nose bleeds true or false?
Increases - true
65
Smooth muscle relaxation caused by progesterone decreases or increases peristalsis which causes ____?
decreases - constipation
66
What is the hormone responsible for milk production?
Prolactin
67
Melanocyte stimulating hormone is released from the anterior pituitary gland which causes the areola to ____ and the line down the stomach to darken known as the linea ___
Darken - Nigra
68
The hager sign is seen when the ?
Uterus softens
69
What does the term lordosis refer to?
Lower back pain due to curving inward of the spine from weight of foetus
70
The sperm penetrates the ____ _____ using enzymes on its head
Zona pellucida
71
The outer layer of an ovum is known as the?
Corna Radiata
72
Name 5 of the common cardinal signs of pregnancy
1. Amenorrhea
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Breast tenderness
4. Lethargy
5. Polyuria
73
What causes nausea and vomiting in pregnant women?
Fluctuation of hormones
74
What does the term chloasma refer to ?
Dark patches forming on the skin during pregnancy (usually on the face)
75
What is the medical term for stretch marks
Striae gravidarum
76
What does the term hyperplasia mean?
Enlarged organ
77
The maternal foetal circulation consists of 1 umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries True or false ?
True
78
The 2 umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated or oxygenated? blood away from the foetus to the _____
deoxygenated - placenta
79
The medical term for enlarged kidneys is?
Hydronephrosis
80
What hormone increases the RAAS
Oestrogen
81
What is ptyalism
Excessive production of saliva
82
An amniocentesis is preformed at week ?
Week 12
83
What is a teratogen?
An agent that causes malformation of an embryo
84
Give 3 examples of teratogens
1. Chemicals
2. Medications
3. Infections
85
When a baby does not grow to normal foetal weight during pregnancy it is known as?
Intra-uterine growth restriction
86
The two stages of the prenatal period include
Embryonic period and foetal period
87
As the uterus enlarges and pushes on the pelvic veins _____ ____ and _____ _____ may occur
Varicose veins
| Peripheral Oedema
88
Physiological anaemia in pregnancy causes what two complications for mother & baby?
Baby being born preterm or with a low birth weight
89
A low level of oxygen in the blood? and tissues? caused by anaemia are known as
Hypoxemia - blood
| Hypoxia - tissues
90
Signs and symptoms of anaemia/hypoxemia/hypoxia include?
Pallor
Claudication
Hyperventilation
Lethargy
91
Claudication is when the mother experiences ?
Cramping pain in her leg caused by obstruction of an artery
92
Diaphosphoglycerate or DPG works by controlling the movement of oxygen or carbon dioxide? from RBC's into the bodies tissues or cells?
Oxygen - Tissues
93
Magnesium deficiency leaves pregnant women susceptible to ? Therefore magnesium sulphate is often prescribed if women have preeclampsia
Seizures/ eclampsia
94
Nifedipine is a _____ _____ blocker
Calcium channel
95
Nifedipine is often prescribed for pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia. What is its mode of action?
Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine) work by blocking calcium channels, reducing calcium ions which relaxes the cardiac muscle (myometrium) and relaxes arterial smooth muscle, reducing the hearts workload and decreasing BP
96
What are the two main causes of hyperemesis gravidarum?
1. Hormone imbalances
| 2. Gastroperisis/gastric dysrhythmias
97
Gastroparesis occurs when? and results in?
There is slow emptying of solid food from the stomach and results in nausea and vomiting
98
Intrahepatic cholestasis is the medical condition occurring in the ____ trimester of pregnancy and is characterised by _____ from _____ cells building up in the liver and impairing ____ function
1. Third
2. Bile
3. Liver
4. Liver
99
Haemolysis is the term known for?
Ruptured RBC's
100
The 2 main symptoms of cholecystitis are
1. Pruritus (severe itchy skin)
| 2. Jaundice
101
Cholecystitis is when there is _____ of the gall bladder
inflammation
102
Which vitamin is used in the treatment of cholecystitis ?
Vitamin K
103
Placenta abruption is when?
The placenta detaches from the uterus and is a medical emergency
104
When a pregnant women has bleeding within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy it is known as a?
Threatened abortion
105
B-HCG is made by the?
Placenta during pregnancy
106
What does PAPP-A stand for (antenatal test)
Pregnancy associated plasma protein - A
107
True or false, toxoplasmosis is a disease which is caused by an infection of the toxoplasma gondii parasite and is an optional antenatal test?
True!
108
When a baby's neural tube does not form properly causing defects in the spinal cord and bones of the spine it is known as which medical condition?
Spina bifida
109
Which form of ultrasound is used to identify maternal and foetal blood flow?
A doppler
110
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) is performed how?
By inserting a needle into the mothers abdomen guided by ultrasound into the umbilical cord to extract some foetal blood for testing
111
Pre-eclampsia only effects women after __ weeks gestation and can occur after __ weeks following delivery
20 - 6
112
What are the 2 characteristics of preeclampsia ?
1. Hypertension
| 2. Proteinuria
113
Which is not a symptom of preeclampsia ?
| Hypertension, peripheral oedema, nocturia, urinary retention, and proteinuria
Nocturia
114
Name 4 risk factors for developing preeclampsia ?
1. Pre exisiting HTN
2. Age above 35 years
3. First pregnancy
4. Obesity
115
Complete the sentence: Normally during pregnancy the spiral arteries dilate __ to __ times their normal size and develop into large uritalplacental arteries to allow for an _____ blood flow to the ____.
5 to 10 times
Increased
Foetus
116
Complete the sentence: In pre-eclampsia these spirals become _____ causing them to ____ resulting in a decreased _____ _____ to the placenta. This hypoperfusion may result in _____ _____ _____ and foetal _____.
```
Fibrous
Narrow
Blood flow
Intrauterine growth restriction
Death
```
117
True or false? In pre-eclampsia the hypoperfused placenta results in the release of pro inflammatory mediators which cause the endothelial lining to dysfunction resulting in vasodilation and HTN
False
| - It is vasoconstriction!!!
118
When diagnosing pre-eclampsia the mothers systolic BP must be above? and her diastolic must be above?
140mmHg
| 90mmHg
119
Can there be local areas of vasospasm during pre-eclampsia ? Yes or no ?
Yes
120
Due to vasospasm during pre-eclampsia the decreased blood flow can cause damage to the glomereolus resulting in what?
Proteinuria
| Oliguria
121
Endothelial cell damage from pre-eclampsia may also cause the formation of tiny thrombi/clots which cause RBCs to slam against the clot and one another resulting in RBC destruction, this is known as the _ _ _ _ _ syndrome and is a common complication of pre-eclampsia
```
HELLP
Haemolysis
Elevated
Liver enzymes
Low
Platelets
```
122
Why can a women with pre-eclampsia develop eclampsia ?
This is because the damaged endothelium allows more fluid to pass in and out, resulting in peripheral, pulmonary and CEREBRAL oedema, this cerebral oedema is what can cause seizures to occur
123
What is the preferred choice of treatment for eclampsia ? and if this is contraindicated what other medication may be used ?
Magnesium sulphate
| Lorazepam (benzodiazepine drug that produces a calming effect)
124
When a fertilised egg implants outside of the uterus for example in the fallopian tube it is known as ?
An ectopic pregnancy
125
If symptomatic symptoms will include?
Abdominal pain
Tachycardia
Shock
Nausea and vomiting
126
Name 4 risk factors predisposing women to developing an ectopic pregnancy
1. IUD
2. previous EP
3. Salpingitis
4. Pelvic inflammatory disease
127
Chronic inflammation of the fallopian tube is known as?
Salpingitis
128
What are the 2 most common complications on an EP?
Rupture and infection from surgery
129
Why would a Beta HCG test be performed every 48 hours when diagnosing an EP?
Because the BHCG level should double every 48 hours if the pregnancy is viable
130
If the mother is asymptomatic, no treatment may be put in place, however if symptomatic the chemotherapy agent methotrexate may be used which ____ rapidly divining cells, or _____ may be performed especially if the EP has _____.
Inhibits, surgery, ruptured
131
Premature labour has many causes, name 4 of them
1. Stress
2. Inflammation or infection which induces labour
3. Placental abruption (when the placenta detaches from the uterus)
4. Uterine distension from e.g. twins or polyhydramnios (stretching of myometrium causes contractions)
132
Placental abruption causes premature labour because?
The bleeding from the placenta detaching from the uterine wall causes the uterus to contract, which slows the bleeding but induces labour
133
Premature labour is before __ weeks
37 weeks
134
What are the complications for babys who are born premature?
cerebral palsy, developmental delays, impaired learning and visual issues
135
tocolytic therapy may be used (however is not common) to delay delivery until steroids have taken effect, true or false?
True
136
Steroids such as glucocorticoids are given so that the infants _____ develop fast before delivery and promote the creation of ______ which prevents the _____ from collapsing
Lungs, surfactant & alveoli
137
An increased amount of amniotic fluid is known as?
Polyhydramnios
138
Amniotic fluid is produced by the foetuses ?
Liver
139
True or false? If the polyhydramnios does not correct itself, problems with the baby are suspected
True
140
At 38 weeks the mother should have ___ L of amniotic fluid
One litre
141
If bleeding occurs before 24 weeks it is called? and after 24 weeks its called?
Threatened abortion
| Antepartum haemorrhage
142
What may cause an antepartum haemorrhage?
A threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa and placental abruption
143
Name 4 complications of an antepartum haemorrhage
1. Foetal death
2. Anaemia
3. Sepsis
4. Acute kidney injury
144
If a mother looses over ____mL of blood following a natural birth and over 1000mL of blood following a c section it is classed as a postpartum haemorrhage
500 mL
| 1000mL
145
It is hard to tell how much blood has been lost following birth, however common characteristic include a 10% decrease in haematocrit levels, hypertension, and decreased O2 sats
False! should be hypotension
146
What are the 4 T's that cause a post partum haemorrhage?
1. Tone (soft uterus)
2. Trauma (damage to genitals)
3. Tissue (placental fragments)
4. Thrombin (clotting condition)
147
What is the common medication class used to stop bleeding (think of clotting)
Thrombolytic's
148
Treating a post partum haemorrhage would include ____massage, medication use, ______ transfusion and _____ and _____ replacement
Uterine, blood, fluid and electrolyte
149
What is placenta previa ?
When the placenta implants over the lower uterus close to the cervical os (Normally the placenta implants at the top of the uterus- fundus)
150
Because the placenta is attached at the bottom of the uterus the chance for ______ is much higher after 20 weeks gestation
Bleeding
151
Is it true that the only known causes for placenta previa is uterine damage from previous pregnancies and poorly vascularised endometrium?
Yes
152
What are the 3 most common complications arising from placenta previa
Blood loss
Premature labour
Foetal hypoxia
153
How can placenta previa be diagnosed ? (1 method)
Ultrasound
154
Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is known as ?
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
155
What is the cause of Hyperemesis Gravidarum?
Fast increase in hormones
156
Anaemia in pregnancy may result in ______ of the blood and ______ of the tissues
Hypoxemia
| Hypoxia
157
What is the biggest risk of anaemia in pregnancy?
Having a preterm baby
158
The cause of gestational diabetes is?
The placenta produces hormones such as growth hormone and placental lactogen which causes a decrease in insulin sensitivity
159
Is GDM insulin resistant or dependent ?
Resistant
160
Does the mothers increased BGLs effect the foetus?
Yes the foetus also has their glucose levels increased resulting in an increase in insulin secretion which means more glucose is taken up by the cells resulting in macrosomia
161
Is GDM usually asymptomatic ?
Yes
162
There are two tests done to determine/diagnose GDM, what are they
Oral glucose tolerance test - Polycose test - non fasting test 50g
Fasting blood glucose test.
163
In a fasting blood glucose test the BGL is taken after fasting then __ hours after a __g glucose load is given
2 hours
| 75g
164
In a fasting blood glucose test the mothers BGL should be below ?
9.0mmol/L
165
What are some of the management/treatment options for GDM?
Diet and exercise
Oral hypoglycemic medications e.g. metformin
Insulin
166
Does insulin cross the placenta?
No !
167
Does the oral hypoglycemic medication metformin cross the placenta ?
Yes however it does not effect the child
168
Name 4 complications for the baby with a mother who has GDM?
1. Macrosomia
2. Shoulder dystocia (because of macrosomia)
3. Hyperbilirubinemia (due to an increase in cells in blood)
4. Respiratory distress syndrome (risk of)
169
Name 4 complications for the mother with GDM
1. C section
2. Risk of developing T2 DM
3. Increased risk of infection
4. Hypertension
170
If the foetus has an increase in glucose and it begins excreting glucose in the urine causing polyuria causing an increase in amniotic fluid the mother is at risk of developing
Polyhydramnios
171
Cholestasis is another abnormal complication arising from pregnancy, cholestasis can be classed into 2 sub groups _____ cholestasis and _____ cholestasis
Hepatocellular and obstructive
172
What does cholestasis mean ?
Bile inactivity
173
Which hormone inhibits bile secretion?
Oestrogen, hence why cholestasis may occur in pregnancy
174
What is the clinical presentation of a mother with cholestasis ?
Jaundice, pruritis, light coloured stool (urobilinogen) and biliurine, liver enzymes may be elevated due to liver damage
175
What is cholecystitis ?
Inflammation of the gall bladder
176
Why may cholecystitis occur in pregnancy?
Because gall stones may be blocking the opening of the gall bladder
177
Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes and can be further divided into _________ and ________
Spermatogenesis (production of sperm cells) and oogenesis (production of an ovum)
178
Spermatogenesis begins with what hormone?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
179
Which two hormones does the pituitary gland secrete following stimulation from gonadotropin releasing hormone?
LH & FSH
180
Is the following process correct?
1. Inside the seminiferous tubules the spermatogonium produces a spermatocyte 2. this primary spermatocyte (diploid 46 chroms) undergoes meiosis I creating the 3. Secondary spermatocyte (haploid 32 chroms) which undergoes 4. meiosis II creating four spermatids and then 5. 4 sperm cells
Yes it is !
181
Where are sperm cells stored ?
The epididymus
182
The ______ turns into the _____ oocyte which then, when the girl reaches puberty will undergo meiosis I to produce a _____ oocyte. The secondary oocyte will remain in metaphase II of meiosis until the____ enters the egg.
Oogonium, primary, secondary and sperm
183
What three hormones facilitate glandular tissue growth in the breasts for breast feeding?
Human placental lactogen (placenta)
Progesterone (placenta)
Prolactin (anterior pituitary gland)
184
True or false? Normally when prolactin is secreted progesterone prevents milk let down, therefore once the placenta is delivered and the progesterone reduces, milk let down can occur for breastfeeding?
True !
185
What stimulates milk let down once the progesterone has decreased?
The baby latching and sucking
186
What role does oxytocin play in breastfeeding ?
Oxytocin acts on myoepithelial cells which squeeze milk out into the ducts
187
What are the three steps of an induction of labour?
1. Prostaglandin gel/pessary(tablet) into vagina
2. ARM (Artificial rupture of membranes)
3. Oxytocin
188
Why is a prostaglandin gel/pessary used?
To ripen the cervix
189
What does oxytocin cause?
Uterine contractions
190
Name the most common risk of medical induction and how it is treated ?
Foetal distress and is treated by carrying out an emergency c section
191
Name 5 indications for an indiction of labour
1. Post maturity - foetus older then 41 weeks
2. Pre-eclampsia
3. Rupture of membranes without onset of labour
4. GDM
5. Infection
192
When the baby is born with its head down it is known as the ______ position
Vertex
193
During middle active labour the mother will have 1 contraction every ____ minutes which last between ___ and ____ seconds
2-3 mins lasting 45-60 seconds
194
How many stages of labour are there ?
3 + 4th which is bonding time
195
Muscle contractions, cervix ripening and baby being pushed down by contractions is known as what stage?
The first stage
196
The second stage of labour involves
The birth of the baby
197
The third stage of labour involves
Delivering the placenta
198
Uterotonic drugs may be given in the third stage of labour and promote
uterine contractions
199
When bleeding occurs after delivery caused by a soft, distended and poor muscular toned uterus it is called a _____ post partum haemorrhage
Atonic
200
Risk factors for a PPH include ?
Retained placenta, multiple pregnancies (high parity= # of children) and placenta previa
201
What are the signs and symptoms of PPH
Visible bleeding, pallor, decreased BP, altered LOC, bloated uterus
202
PPH management may include: Rub up a contraction, oxytocin, emptying of the uterus, surgery and possible resuscitation of the mother, true or false?
True
203
What pain relief strategies may be used ? (non pharmacological and pharmacological)
1. Heat or cold therapy
2. Inhaled nitrous oxide
3. Epidural
4. IM pethidine
204
How long to c sections traditionally take?
40 to 60 minutes from start to finish
205
How long is the recovery period following a c/s?
4-6 weeks
206
Name 4 reasons for a c/s
1. Foetal distress
2. Macrosomia
3. Breech position
4. Placenta previa
207
What are 5 risks of a c/s for the mother?
1. Infection
2. Haemorrhage
3. Reduced fertility
4. Longer recovery time
5. Emotional trauma
208
What are 3 risks of c/s for baby
1. Respiratory distress syndrome
2. Separation from mother
3. Injury to baby
209
What percentage of mothers experience the baby blues?
50-80%
210
How long due the baby blues usually last for?
1-3 days
211
When the uterus changes from a pregnant state to a non pregnant state it is known as?
Involution
212
The term autolysis refers to the destruction of ____ or tissues by their own ____
Cells - Enzymes
213
Decudia is the uterine lining during pregnancy, true or false ?
True
214
The term 'lochia' refers to ?
Vaginal discharge after giving birth
215
There are 3 stages of discharge following delivery they are lochia ____ lochia ____ and linea ____
Rubra - red (3-4 days)
Serosa - pink (4-10 days)
Alba - yellow/white (10-28 days)
216
How many days does it take for the cervix to return back to small slit?
4 days
217
The perineum is located where ?
between the anus and the vagina
218
What are the best treatments of perineal pain?
1. Ice packs for first 24 hours
2. Analgesia
3. Hygiene
4. Positioning
5. Rest
219
The mothers cardiac output increases by ___ to ___% following birth and returns to normal in 1 hour
80-100%
220
Following pregnancy is a mother at higher or lower risk of of VTE? why?
Yes because there is increased blood coagulation activity
221
When mammary glands change from a non secretory to a secretory state it is known as ?
Lactogenesis
222
The medical term for milk production is?
Galactopoiesis
223
The APGAR test stands for ?
```
Activity - should be active
Pulse - should be over 100bpm
Grimace (reflexes) - should have a prompt responce to stimulation
Appearance- Pink
Respiration- Crying
```
224
In regards to the foetuses heart the foramen ovale lies between the ____ and _____ _____
Right and left atria
225
When a babys toes fan out it is known as what reflex?
Babinski
226
In paediatric nursing it is important to create a ______ environment and try to _____ cares to prevent constant interruptions
Safe and group
227
When carrying out paediatric observations you should always complete the most invasive ones first? yes or no
No! carry out least invasive like HR, sats and RR
228
EDD stands for ?
Estimated date of delivery (counting last week from last period + nine months
229
Name some common breast changes that occur?
Breast growth, areola darken, fullness, tenderness, painful
230
From what week will the uterus be palpable from?
Week 12
231
When you are experiencing contractions but arent in labour they are known as ?
Braxton Hicks contractions
232
In which trimester is the foetal heart audible?
2nd trimester
233
What is the B4 school check?
Aims to identify issues with learning before school starts
234
What does the B4 school check include?
```
Measures growth and height of child
Vision and hearing tests
Immunisation status
Dental checks
SDQ for teacher and caregivers
```
235
What disease is caused by untreated strep throat resulting in inflammation and oedema of the heart, skin, brain and joints?
Rheumatic fever
236
Bronchiolitis is a _____ lower respiratory tract ____
Viral - Infection
237
Name the two most common viruses that cause bronchiolitis ?
Rhinovirus and RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus)
238
What part of the lungs does bronchiolitis effect?
The bronchioles
239
Bronchiolitis causes increased _____ production and _____ of the airways
mucus- airways
240
How is the RSV virus spread?
Direct contact with mucus secretions and contaminated objects
