Semester Exam 1 Flashcards
(178 cards)
0
Q
Humans have to _________ to their environment because of the changes in climates and conditions
A
Adapt
1
Q
Hot,dry weather;arid climate
Dark skin; curly hair; large noses( helps them live in hot climates)
In the 19th century they were very close to getting wiped out by the white Australians
A
Austrailoid (Tasmanian/ Aborigine)
2
Q
How old is the earth
A
4.6 billion years old
3
Q
How old are humans
A
4 million years old
4
Q
First human? Found where? Name? By who? When?
A
Hominid Ethiopia/ Eastern Africa Lucy Donald Johnason 1974
5
Q
What is science belief of how the world started
A
Big Bang theory
6
Q
What are religious beliefs of how the world started
A
Creation stories
7
Q
What is the lifestyle where people roamed from place to place, what they did during the Paleolithic era
A
Nomadic lifestyle
8
Q
What was the dominant lifestyle during the Paleolithic era
A
Hunting and gathering; stone-tool making (gender roles)
9
Q
What is the oldest era
A
Paleolithic
10
Q
When did the Neolithic era start
A
10,000 years ago 8,000 B.C.
11
Q
What marks the Neolithic era
A
Agriculture/ farming
12
Q
What was the efficient war to clear land
A
Fire
13
Q
What did the people domesticate during the Neolithic era
A
Animals
14
Q
Moving from one place to another
A
Migration
15
Q
Where did human life begin
A
AfRica
16
Q
Southern tip of continental Africa
Hot, dry climate; not as intense as Australian outback
Dark skin; curly hair
A
Capoid
17
Q
Central Africa
Hot, wet climate; close proximity to equator.(that’s why it’s wet and hot)
Very dark skin; tightly curled hair
A
Congoid
18
Q
“Cold desert” of continental Asia
Different tints to color of skin; Asian & Native American
Reflection of the sun leads to unique physical characteristics(a lot of sun causes eye to squint which causes Asians to have tiny eyes
A
Mongoloid
19
Q
Caucus Mountains the natural geographic barrier between Asia & Europe.
Migration west into 3 geographic areas of continental Europe
A
Caucasoid
20
Q
Colder climate
Lighter skin;straighter hair
Scandinavian, English, Scottish, Irish
A
Caucasoid- Nordic (Northern Europe)
21
Q
Alps Mountains; moderate climate; warmer, less bitter
Swiss, Polish,German, Slavic
A
Caucasoid- alpine (Central Europe)
22
Q
Warm climate; darker skin, thick hair
Spanish, Portuguese, Italian,Greek
A
Caucasoid- Mediterranean (Southern Europe)
23
Q
What goes hand in hand
A
History and geography
24
lines that run horizontal and measure distance north and south of the equator.
Latitude
25
lines that run vertical and measure distance east and west from Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England)
Longitude
26
the development, transmission, and transformation of practices & events
History
27
best writing possible for historians (journals, diaries)
Primary source documents
28
Everything before invented systems of writing
Prehistory
29
Oldest source of writing is how old
5,000 years old
30
the study of the past through past artifacts (material objects)
Archaeology
31
Historians study what
Writing
32
What allows a civilization to grow and expand? (Having more than enough)
Surplus
33
Where is the best land found
River-valleys
34
a collection of city-states under the control of a single ruler
Empire
35
"Land between two rivers"
| Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq)
Mesopotamia
36
What is Mesopotamia often referred as
Fertile Crescent
37
First documented people
Sumerians
38
Southern mesopatamia was what
City-states of Sumar
39
built to honor gods; multi-story, mud-brick, pyramid shaped tower approached by ramps or stairs or both. They are temples.
Ziggurats
40
wedge-shaped symbols that represent words or syllables (Mesopotamia)
Cuneiform
41
Greatest ruler of Babylonian empire? What did he create
Hammurabi. Hammurabi code
42
Two groups who invaded Mesopotamia
1st: Hittites
2nd: Assyrians
43
2nd greates ruler of mesopatamia? What does he have built
Nebuchadnezzar; hanging gardens of Babylon
44
What River was gifted to Egypt
Nile
45
Which way does the Nile flow? Who was more rural and agricultural Mesopatamia or Egypt
South to north
| Egypt
46
Good fertile soil along the banks of the Nile is? What surrounds Egypt
Black land
| Red land/ desert
47
What floods every spring in lower Egypt (Northern Egypt)
Delta
48
Good fertile soil
Silt
49
Upper and lower Egypt was unified by
King Menes
50
Ancient Egyptian ruler is? What were they considered as
Pharoah
| gods on earth
51
Preserving of the dead
Mummification
52
divinely authorized order of the universe; religious beliefs tied to the physical environment
Ma'at
53
The age that is known as the Old kingdom
Pyramid age
54
orders construction of the first pyramid to serve as his tomb.
Name of pyramid
Pharaoh Djozer
| Pyramid of Khufu (pyramid of Giza)
55
The Middle Kingdom was known as the?
Great age
56
First queen of New Kingdom secretly
Queen Hatshepsut
57
considered one of the greatest pharaohs (greatest because he was a military leader). Son of queen Hatshepsut
Ramses II
58
writing system that combines logographic and alphabetic elements (Egypt)
Hieroglyphics
59
reed that grew long the banks of the Nile
Papyrus
60
family of languages (where their spoken language reported back too.) (Egypt)
Semitic
61
```
Natural geographic border of India from China in the
North(covers most of India)
East
South
West
```
Himalayan mountains
Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
62
First civilization to develop in India. Who contains this now?
Indus River valley
| Pakistan
63
Indus River valley was the first to grow
Cotton
64
2nd civilization in India develops in
Ganges River valley
65
seasonal winds accompanied by a great deal of moisture/rainfall (Ganges has these: 3 separate harvests)
Monsoons
66
First system in Indian history known as the
Classifies by
Classification levels
Varna system
Color of skin
Aryas-light skin/ Daras- dark skin
67
Varna is later replaced by
| Classifies by
Caste system
| Occupation
68
Hinduism founder and sacred text
No founder or sacred text
69
Creator of life
Destroyer of life
Preserver of life
Brahma
Shiva
Vishnu
70
Ultimate goal of Hinduism
| Freeing yourself from selfish desires the most important
To achieve moksha
71
Hinduism believed in the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form
Reincarnation
72
a ranked existence; symbolized by a wheel
Karma
73
Enlightened one
Buddha
74
First Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama
75
After Siddhartha Gautama meditated under the tree he came up with this and became Buddha
4 noble truths
76
Ultimate goal of Buddhism is to achieve
Nirvana
77
What Follows collapse of Indus River Valley Civilization
| India invaded by various nomadic tribes
Vedic age
78
Empire that becomes most powerful/influential
| Time period of peace and prosperity
Gupta empire
79
Gupta empire establish first ____________________ in Indian history
Powerful national army
80
Gupta empire establishes the ruling of
(Emphasis placed on lavish ceremonies, extravagance, etc.
Done in order to show off the benefits of the empire)
Theater state
81
Geographic barriers of China
North
East
South
Gobi desert
Pacific Ocean
Himalayan mountains
82
River located in northern China
Huang he (yellow) River
83
monsoons with heavy amounts of rainfall leads to the growing of rice, this happens here?
Southern China
84
River located in souther China
Yangtze River
85
Chinese invented this (biggest export)
Silk-making
86
Earliest written record of Chinese civilization is traced back to this dynasty
Shang dynasty
87
pictures that represent objects or concepts
| Various tribes throughout China that speak a variety of dialects
Pictograms (ideograms)
88
turmoil, chaos, warfare between various Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou Dynasty
Warring states period
89
political system in which strict laws are enforced by harsh punishments (Zhou dynasty; China)
Legalism
90
Qin dynasty rises out of the warring states period
| First Qin emperor takes the title of Shi Huangdi which means ___________
First emperor
91
Shi Huangdi abolishes this act
| First born son takes land
Primogeniture
92
Shi Huangdi orders the construction of
Great Wall of china
93
first emperor of the Han Dynasty
Brings back peace, order, stability to China
Considered a "golden age" of Chinese civilization
Lui bang
94
Confucius is a
Who's concerned with
Emphasizes
Teacher/philosopher
social order/stability and the relationship between society and government
Emphasizes family and state
Emphasizes family relationships
95
ruler should continue to rule so long as he remains a wise and principled ruler
Mandate of Heaven
96
written collection of philosophies and teachings of Confucius by his students
The analects
97
Han dynasty based their teaching on
Confucius
98
network of trade routes that connects Asia with Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and Europe
Silk Road
99
Follow the dao or "path"
Daoism
100
complementary nature of male and female roles in the natural order.
Yin and yang
101
Ancient Persia is modern-day
Iran
102
```
Persia mountain entities
North
South
Bodies of water in the
North
South
```
Caucus mountains
Zargos mountains
Caspian Sea
Persian gulf
103
1st tribe to reach a complex level of political organization (Persia)
Medes
104
1st ruler to unify various Persian tribes; overthrows Media rulers
King Cyrus
105
Each province ruled by a _________ (local governor)
Satrap
106
Becomes known as the law giver
| Cyrus' cousin
Darius
107
Darius orders construction of the
Royal road
108
Ancient Phoenicia would include portions of modern day
Palestine, Syria, Lebanon (Holy Land)
109
When translated, means "red men"
Phoinikes, Phoenician
110
Phoenicians are known for
Textile making
111
Phoenicians were first to develop the
Alphabet
112
Phoenicians will eventually expand their influence by migrating west and founding
Modern day
Carthage
| Tunisia ( North Africa)
113
rule by the wealthy elite of society
Oligarchy
114
Landowning elite
Aristocracy
115
Greatest of the Carthaginian explorers is
| Sail across Mediterranean thru
Hanno
| Strait Gibralter
116
Minoan civilization based on the island of
Crete
117
"halfway" between Greek mainland and
North Africa
118
Capital of Crete was
Conossus
119
Minoan's:
language
Known for
Story
Unknown language
Port city; naval fleet
King Minos and Labyrinth
120
```
Kingdom of Mycenae is located on the
(2nd civilization)
Language
Best known for fighting
After the war who took over them
```
Greek mainland ( southern Greece)
Linear B
Trojan war
Dorians
121
Dorians lead to the
Dark age
122
Dark Age characterized by Greek
Poverty, depopulation, and isolation
123
Is characterized by a Greek comeback
| They renew contact with Phoenicia
Archaic period
124
Greeks its lifeblood; not a river-valley like previous ancient civilizations
Mediterranean Sea
125
Greeks become known for their growing of
Olive trees and grapevines
126
Greek top exports
Wine and olive oil
127
city-state and its surrounding area
Polis
128
hilltop refuge (tall hill)
Acropolis
129
market or gathering place
Agora
130
armored infantrymen who fought in close formation; leads to the creation of the
Hoplites
| Phalanx
131
Believed in communicating with gods through the ___________ and that they lived atop Mt. Olympus
Oracles
132
Darius decides to invade the Greek mainland and lands at
Marathon
133
Messenger(s) sent to Sparta to seek reinforcements (150 miles in 2 days)
Pheidippides
134
Darius' son _________ renews conflict with Greece 10 years later
Xerxes
135
300 Spartans defend the mountain pass at
Themopylae
136
formulates a plan to defeat the Persians
Themosticles
137
Greeks lure the Persians into the ____________ with a _______
Strait of salamis
| Traitor
138
provides written accounts of Persian wars
| __________ still referred to this day as the "________" of history in the western tradition
Herodotus
| Father
139
organization of Greek city-states with Athens as the leader
Delian league
140
political leaders of Greek city-states
Tyrants
141
Athenian diplomat; rules from 460-429 B.C.
| Considered the golden age of Persians
Pericles
142
ruled by the citizenry
Democracy
143
Citizens were
Free, native-born, adult males
144
Spartan forms ___ in order to counter the power of Athens
Peloponnesian league
145
Peloponnesian war was between
Athens and Spartans
146
teaching by questioning; way to seek truth and self-knowledge
Accused of corrupting the youth Athens
Sentenced to death; forced to drink hemlock (poison)
Socratic method
| Socrates
147
Prized(best) student of Socrates
Author of The Republic- his description of the ideal state
Doesn't trust democracy because of what happened to Socrates
Plato
148
Who founded the academy
Plato
149
Prized student of Plato
| Felt the best government was rule by a strong and virtuous leader
Aristotle
150
educational institution dedicated to the study of various branches of knowledge
University system now known as today
Who founded it
Lyceum
| Aristotle
151
temple built to honor Athena; patron of the city-state of Athens
Parthenon
152
Combination of the study of language, literature, philosophy, history, and art
Humanities
153
Educated as a boy by Aristotle; becomes both a learned scholar and fierce warrior
Invades Persia; continuing the legacy of his father
Persia has a superior navy so he tries to move battle toward land
Lays siege to Persian naval bases and port cities as well
Invades and conquers land all the way to India
Then turns his attention toward Egypt ("breadbasket" of the Mediterranean region)
Alexander the Great
154
Alexander's death causes the empire to split into three dynasties called
Which ushers in the
Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid dynasties
| Hellenistic age
155
What becomes the greatest city of the Hellenistic Age
Alexandria, Egypt
156
Who founded Rome and where were they left abandoned
Romulus and Remus
| Tiber River
157
site of Rome Romulus and Remus argue over rival claims to this land site
Seven original hills
158
Region just to the north of Rome
| Romeo form of government
Etruria
| Republican form
159
representative of the people
Republican
160
make/create laws; they are a legislator; law maker
| Governing body of Rome
Senate
161
landowning elite of Rome
Patricians
162
Lower-class majority of Roman society are known as
Plebeians
163
In time of crisis this would be chosen to rule
Dictator
164
Was a military dictator twice
| Turned his sword in for a plow shear
Lucius Quincitius Cincinnatus
165
Councils that have the ability to veto laws passed by the Senate
Tribunes
166
basic unit of the Roman army is the legion (5,000-6,000 men)
Legion
167
Rivalry between who begins to develop for the Punic wars
| What did they both want
Rome and Carthage
| Control of Mediterranean Sea
168
"Jewel" of the Mediterranean is the island of Sicily
Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily
169
first great general of Carthage
Hamilcar Barca
170
Roman senator ended every speech with Carthago delenda est..." (Carthage must be destroyed
Cato
171
Large estates owned by wealthy elite and worked by slave labor
Latifundia
172
Conquers the territory of Gaul after 9 years of fighting
Julius Caesar
173
Rather than dissolve the Senate, Caesar has them declare him
Dictator for life
174
Formation of the 2nd Triumvirate
Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus ally with one another in order to bring Caesar's murderers to justice
175
Octavian takes the title
| Meaning
Caesar Augustus (exalted one)
Princeps (first citizen)
imperator (commander of the armed forces)
Pontifex Maximus (chief priest)
176
Reign of Augustus is considered the beginning of the
Pax Romana
177
Roman military now shifts from what to what because of Augustus
Offensive to defensive
