Semester One Final Exam Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What is the Metric System?
A
A system of measurement based on the number 10, used worldwide.
2
Q
What are the base units of the Metric System?
A
Length – meter; Mass – gram; Liquid Volume – liter.
3
Q
What does Kilo- represent in metric prefixes?
A
1,000.
4
Q
What does Deci- represent in metric prefixes?
A
0.1.
5
Q
What does Centi- represent in metric prefixes?
A
0.01.
6
Q
What does Milli- represent in metric prefixes?
A
0.001.
7
Q
What does Micro- represent in metric prefixes?
A
0.000001.
8
Q
What are conversions in measurement?
A
A fraction equal to 1 that shows equivalent relationships between units.
9
Q
What is the Scientific Method?
A
A six-step process for conducting experiments.
10
Q
What is an Observation?
A
A fact-based statement made using senses; can be qualitative or quantitative.
11
Q
What is an Inference?
A
A logical explanation based on observations and prior knowledge.
12
Q
What is a Hypothesis?
A
An educated guess in an if-then format proposing a relationship.
13
Q
What is a Controlled Experiment?
A
An experiment with independent, dependent, and control variables.
14
Q
What is Data in experiments?
A
Results of experiments shown in graphs, tables, or descriptions.
15
Q
What is a Theory?
A
A widely accepted explanation supported by evidence and hypotheses.
16
Q
What is a Control Group?
A
The group in an experiment where conditions are kept constant.
17
Q
What is an Experimental Group?
A
The group exposed to the altered variable in an experiment.
18
Q
What is an Independent Variable?
A
The factor deliberately changed in an experiment.
19
Q
What is a Dependent Variable?
A
The measured effect or outcome in an experiment.
20
Q
What are Control Variables?
A
Factors kept the same in all groups for a fair test.
21
Q
What are the Characteristics of Life?
A
All living things are organized, with cells as the basic unit.
22
Q
What is the difference between Growth and Development?
A
Growth = increase in size; Development = appearance of new traits.
23
Q
What is Homeostasis?
A
The maintenance of stable internal conditions.
24
Q
What is Reproduction?
A
The process of making more of a species.
25
What is Heredity?
Passing instructions encoded in DNA to offspring.
26
What is a Genome?
All genetic instructions in an organism.
27
What is a Gene?
A unit of heredity in DNA.
28
What is Cellular Organization?
Life forms are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
29
What is a Prokaryote?
Single-celled organism with no nucleus or organelles.
30
What is a Eukaryote?
Cells with a nucleus and organelles; can be unicellular or multicellular.
31
What is Unicellular?
Made of one cell.
32
What is Multicellular?
Made of many cells.
33
What is a Nucleus in a cell?
Organelle that contains DNA and controls the cell.
34
What is Metabolism?
All chemical reactions in an organism, involving energy changes.
35
What is Energy?
The capacity to do work.
36
What is a Stimulus?
A trigger that causes a reaction in an organism.
37
What is a Response?
The action taken after a stimulus occurs.
38
What are Emergent Properties?
New traits that appear at each level of biological organization.
39
What is the Hierarchy of Organization?
From smallest to largest: subatomic particles → atoms → molecules → cell parts → cells.
40
What is Sexual Reproduction?
Two parents contribute DNA, creating genetic variation.
41
What is Asexual Reproduction?
One parent produces identical offspring.
42
What is Evolution?
Change in species over time.
43
What is an Atom?
Basic unit of matter; abiotic and made of subatomic particles.
44
What are Subatomic Particles?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
45
What is a Proton?
Positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus.
46
What is a Neutron?
Neutral particle in the nucleus.
47
What is an Electron?
Negatively charged particle in electron shells.
48
What are Energy Shells?
Electron layers: 1st holds 2; 2nd and 3rd hold 8.
49
What is an Ion?
Charged atom due to gain/loss of electrons.
50
What is a Cation?
Positive ion (lost an electron).
51
What is an Anion?
Negative ion (gained an electron).
52
What is an Isotope?
Atoms with different neutron numbers; unstable ones are radioactive.
53
What is Radioactivity?
Emission of energy from unstable isotopes.
54
What is an Element?
A pure substance made of one kind of atom.
55
What is a Compound?
A substance made of atoms in fixed ratios. Must have two or more different elements (i.e.O2 NO, H2O YA)
56
What is a Molecule?
Two or more bonded atoms, can be polar or nonpolar.
57
What are Valence Electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell.
58
What is Atomic Mass?
Weighted average of all isotopes of an element.
59
What is Atomic Number?
Number of protons in the nucleus.
60
What is Electron Configuration?
Distribution of electrons in shells.
61
What are Noble Gases?
Nonreactive elements with full valence shells.
62
What is Electronegativity?
An atom’s desire to complete its outer shell.
63
What are Chemical Reactions?
Processes where bonds are made or broken.
64
What is a Product in a chemical reaction?
The result of a chemical reaction.
65
What is a Reactant?
Starting material in a chemical reaction.
66
What is an Ionic Bond?
Bond between oppositely charged ions.
67
What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
Unequal electron sharing due to electronegativity difference.
68
What is Polarity?
Distribution of charge based on electron sharing.
69
What is a Nonpolar Covalent Bond?
Equal electron sharing between atoms.
70
What is Bonding Capacity?
Number of unpaired electrons in the outer shell.
71
What is an Intermolecular Bond?
Attraction between molecules.
72
What are Hydrophobic Interactions?
Repel water; do not mix or dissolve.
73
What are Intramolecular Bonds?
Bonds within a molecule.
74
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
Attraction between partial charges on polar molecules.
75
What is Adhesion?
Water’s attraction to other polar substances.
76
What is Cohesion?
Water’s attraction to itself.
77
What is Surface Tension?
Resistance to breaking at water’s surface.
78
What is Kinetic Energy?
Energy of motion.
79
What is Heat?
Energy required to change temperature.
80
What is Temperature?
Average kinetic energy.
81
What is Specific Heat?
Energy needed to change one gram by 1°C.
82
What is the Unique Nature of Ice?
Low density due to hydrogen bond crystal formation.
83
What is an Aqueous Solution?
A solution in which water is the solvent.
84
What is a Solute?
The substance that dissolves in a solvent.
85
What is a Solvent?
The substance that dissolves solutes.
86
What is Molarity?
moles solute / liters of solution.
87
What is the pH Scale?
Measures acidity or alkalinity (0–14).
88
What is an H+ Ion?
Hydrogen ion; high in acids.
89
What is an Acid?
Releases H+ and lowers pH.
90
What is a Base?
Absorbs H+ and raises pH.
91
What is Neutral in terms of pH?
pH of 7 (e.g. water).
92
What is a Buffer?
Substance that resists pH change.
93
What are Organic Molecules?
Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
94
What are Hydrocarbons?
Hydrophobic, nonpolar carbon-hydrogen chains.
95
What are Functional Groups?
Atoms added to hydrocarbons to alter function.
96
What is a Hydroxyl Group?
–OH polar and hydrophilic. (alcohols)
97
What is an Amino Group?
-NH2 Basic, polar
98
What is a Carbonyl Group?
–C=O; polar.
99
What is a Carboxyl Group?
- COOH or C(=O)OH Polar, acidic
100
What is a Phosphate Group?
(-O=P)O3 Polar, acidic.
101
What is a Methyl Group?
-CH3 Non-Polar
102
What is a Sulfhydral Group
-SH Slightly Polar, acidic
103
What is a Monomer?
Single subunit of a macromolecule.
104
What is a Subunit?
Component of a larger molecule.
105
What is a Polymer?
Large molecule made of monomers.
106
What is Polymerization?
Process of linking monomers via dehydration.
107
What is a Dehydration Reaction?
Joins monomers by removing water.
108
What are Enzymes?
Proteins that speed up reactions.
109
What is Hydrolysis?
Breaks polymers by adding water.
110
What is an Amino Acid?
Monomer of proteins; has amino and carboxyl groups.
111
What is an R Group?
Variable side chain of amino acids.
112
What is a Peptide Bond?
Link between amino acids via dehydration.
113
What is a Polypeptide?
Chain of amino acids.
114
What is a Protein?
Folded, functional polypeptides.
115
What is the Primary Structure of a Protein?
Sequence of amino acids.
116
What is the Secondary Structure of a Protein?
Hydrogen-bonded folding (alpha helices, beta sheets).
117
What is the Tertiary Structure of a Protein?
Overall 3D shape from R-group interactions.
118
What is the Quaternary Structure of a Protein?
Shape of proteins made of multiple subunits.
119
What are Carbohydrates?
Sugars and polymers of sugars.
120
What is a Monosaccharide?
Simple sugar.
121
What is a Polysaccharide?
Multiple sugar units bonded together.
122
What is Starch?
Energy storage in plants.
123
What is Cellulose?
Plant structural polymer (fiber).
124
What is Glycogen?
Short-term energy storage in animals.
125
What are Lipids?
Hydrophobic macromolecules.
126
What is Glycerol?
Backbone of fats and oils.
127
What are Fatty Acids?
Hydrocarbon chains in fats and oils.
128
What are Fats?
Solid lipids; saturated.
129
What are Oils?
Liquid lipids; unsaturated.
130
What is a Saturated Fat?
Straight chain; no double bonds.
131
What is an Unsaturated Fat?
Bent chain; has double bonds.
132
What is a Phospholipid?
2 fatty acids + phosphate group; forms membranes.
133
What is a Steroid?
4-ring structure; includes cholesterol.
134
What are Nucleic Acids?
DNA and RNA; made of nucleotides.
135
What is a Nucleotide?
Sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base.
136
What is Ribose?
Sugar in RNA.
137
What is Deoxyribose?
Sugar in DNA.
138
What are Nitrogenous Bases?
A, T, C, G, U – base pairs in nucleic acids.
139
What is DNA?
Double-stranded genetic material.
140
What is RNA?
Single-stranded nucleic acid.
141
What are Strands in DNA?
Two antiparallel polynucleotide chains.
142
What is a Polynucleotide Chain?
Chain of many nucleotides.
143
What is Antiparallel Structure in DNA?
DNA strands run in opposite directions (5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’).
