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MEH > Semester2 Session3 lecture1 > Flashcards

Semester2 Session3 lecture1 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Making blood cells

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2
Q

What blood cells are made in haemopoiesis?

A

Rbc, platelets, wbc

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3
Q

How are infant bone marrow distribution different to adults? Be specific with locations in both age categories.

A

Infant: through the whole skeleton
Adult: vertebrae, ribs, skull, sternum, pelvis

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4
Q

What 2 type of cells does the multipotential haematopoeitic stem cell become?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

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5
Q

What hormone stimulates the differentiation from multi-potential haematopoietic stem cell to common myeloid progenitor cell?

A

INTERLEUKIN 3

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6
Q

What 2 types of cell does the common lymphoid progenitor cell differentiate into? What hormones are responsible for this?

A

T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte

Interleukins - type of cytokines
Tumour necrosis factor - a type of cytokines

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7
Q

Common myeloid progenitor cells differentiate to what cells?
What proteins are involved?

A

Megakaryocytes => platelets …..GM-CSF, Thromopoietin

Erythrocytes…..Erythropoietin, GM-CSF

Myeloblast => eosinophil, neutrophil, basophils, monocytes (the 4 granulocytes)………G-CSF, GM-CSF

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8
Q

HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS what do they do?

A

Multipotent stem cells- can differentiate to any BC

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9
Q

Where can HPSC be found?

A

Umbilical cord, bone marrow

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10
Q

RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM what is it?

A

Blood and tissue system that is part of immune system that gets rid of damaged, dead proteins and BCs.

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11
Q

What types of cells make up the RES?

A

Phagocytes:

Kupffer cells in liver
Macrophages in tissues
Monocytes in blood 
Microglial cells in CNS 
Histiocytes-modified macrophages
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12
Q

Organs of RES?

A

SPLEEN AND LIVER

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13
Q

What is red pulp in spleen?

A

Sinus lined by macrophages- does the functional RES

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14
Q

White pulp in spleen?

A

Adenoid tissue that does APC and IgM production

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15
Q

Do a flow chart of the flow of blood to spleen

What components of blood flow through which pulp?

A

Heart - aorta - cephalic trunk - splenic artery- spleen

WBC, plasma go through white pulp
RBC and platelets through red pulp

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16
Q

Spleen function

A

Sequestration and phagocytosis of RBC

Blood pooling -> platelets and RBC -> maintains blood pressure and mobilises blood

Extramedullary haemopoiesis of the marrow fails - pluripotent stem cells maker BCs

Immunological - T cells, B cells made

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17
Q

Splenomegaly what is it?

A

Enlarged spleen

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18
Q

Why does splenomegaly happen?

A

Back pressure from splenic vein - portal vein hypertension

Overactive red or white pulp

Infiltration of cells in wrong place - leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in white pulp, metastases

Sarcoidosis- abnormal collection of inflammatory cells - granuloma

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19
Q

Hypersplenism

Causation?
What is it?
What happens as a result?

A

Over active pulp
Blood pooling
Low blood count and if too big ribs can rupture it-> haematoma
Infarction of spleen - with stethscope splenic rub

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20
Q

Hyposplenism causes?

A

Coeliac disease
Splenectomy
Sickle cell

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21
Q

What structures are present in blood film of people with hyposplenism?

Study These Flashcards
A

Howell jolly bodies

22
Q

What organisms are hyposplenic people more susceptible to?

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A

Encapsulated bacteria - meningococcus, pneumococcus

23
Q

What do hyposplenic patients need to do to combat these organism?

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A

Vaccine

Lifelong prophylactic antibodies

24
Q

Function of rbc

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A

O2 to tissue
Carry Hb
Keep iron in hb in ferrous FE2+ state -reduced
Osmotic equilibrium maintained

25
Features of rbc
No mitochondria | Have band 3 anion exchanger - hco3- and cl-
26
What can congenital membrane of rbc defects result in
Dysfunctional membrane - lower life span - haemolytic anaemia
27
What happens if too many rbc are destroyed
Bilirubin levels go up - jaundice - sign of haemolytic anaemia
28
Say the steps for the erythropoisis control mechanism
Anaemia Reduced po2 in kidneys Interstitial peritubular cells in kidney medulla detect EPO production increase by kidney EPO stimulates maturation of RBC in marrow Rbc and Hb increase Oxygen to tissues increase Norm———negative feedback loop———-less EPO made
29
Define cytopenia
Low blood cell count
30
Anaemia define
Low RBC count
31
Define leukopenia
Low wbc count
32
Define thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
33
Define neutropenia
Low neutrophil
34
Pancytopenia define
Low rbc, wbc, platelet count
35
Define erythrocytosis
High rbc count
36
Define leucocytosis
High wbc count
37
Define thrombocytosis
High platelet count
38
Define lymphocytosis
High lymphocyte count
39
Define neutrophilia
High neutrophil count
40
Neutrophil matures by what?
GCSF cytokines - increase neutrophil production Decrease time to release the mature neutrophils from marro Enhanced chemotaxis Phagocytosis enhanced
41
What can someone with low gcsf or neutropenia do?
Admin gcsf IV
42
What causes neutrophilia
Infection - tissue damage - acute inflammation - cancer - gcsf - smoking - acute haemorrhage - steroids - endocrine disorders - myeloproliferative disease- overactive marrow
43
Neutropenia is caused by?
Sepsis - all neutrophils Splenic pooling Immune destruction
44
Causes of neutropenia
Drugs B12/folate deficiency Infiltration of marrow - malignancy Aplastic anaemia - empty marrow Radiation - kills mature cells Viral infection Congenital disorders
45
What must you do if you see a patient with neutropenia sepsis
Give antibiotics ASAP Results in bacterial infection and fungal infection - both life threatening And also mucosal ulceration e.g., in the mouth
46
Monocytes
When they migrate to tissues they’re macrophages Important for inflammation and antigenic reactions Lysosomes of monocytes contain lysozyme, complement interleukins, arachidonic acid, gCSF They’re important in phagocytosis and pinocytosis
47
Monocytosis
Caused by chronic inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis Myeloprolifertaive disorders and leukaemia
48
Eosinophils
``` Deal with parasites Mediates allergic response Migrate to epithelial surfaces too Granules contain- arginine, phospholipid, enzymes Antigen phagocytosis Mediate hypersensitivity ```
49
Eosinophilia:
Caused by eczema, asthma, urticaria, parasites Primary haematological causes are: Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia
50
Basophils
Allergic reactions and inflammation Granules- histamine, serotonin, hyaluronic acid, heparin
51
Basophils
Prim. Haem. Cond. Mastocytosis, overactive bone marrow, chronic myeloid leukemia Hypersensitive reactions and rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis
52
Lymphocyte types
B cell- humoral, antibody producing T cell- cell mediated, CD4+ helper cell production, CD8+ cells NK cells- cytotoxic

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