Semmelweis Uni test

Question 1

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

What are the main structures of the heart and their functions?

Answer 1

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle and Valves

Question 2

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

What does the Right Atruim do?

Answer 2

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 3

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

What does the Right Ventricle do?

Answer 3

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

Question 4

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

WHat does the Left Atrium do?

Answer 4

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

Question 5

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

What does the left Ventricle do?

Answer 5

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Question 6

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

What are the types of Vaulves

Answer 6

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic Valve

Question 7

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

Where is the Tricuspid Valve?

Answer 7

Between right atrium and right ventricle.

Question 8

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

Where is the Pulmonary Valve?

Answer 8

Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Question 9

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

Where is the Mitral Valve?

Answer 9

Between left atrium and left ventricle.

Question 10

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology

Where is the Aortic Valve

Answer 10

Between left ventricle and aorta.

Question 11

Cell Structure & Function

What are the main organelles in a human cell and their functions?

Answer 11

Nucleus, Mitochondris, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Goigi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Cytoplasm

Question 12

Cell Structure & Function

What is the Nucleus?

Answer 12

Contains genetic material (DNA), controls cell activities and protein synthesis.

Question 13

Cell Structure & Function

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 13

Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for energy production (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Question 14

Cell Structure & Function

What is a ribosome

Answer 14

Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions from the mRNA.

Question 15

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Retuculum (ER)

Answer 15

Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and folding.
Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and stores calcium.

Question 16

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Answer 16

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use in the cell.

Question 17

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 17

ontain enzymes that digest unwanted cellular materials.

Question 18

What is cytoplasm

Answer 18

Fluid that surrounds the organelles, allowing for nutrient transport and cellular reactions.

Question 19

What is homeostasis and how does the body maintain it?

Answer 19

refers to the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose levels).
Temperature Regulation: Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes and the hypothalamus triggers sweating or shivering.
Blood Glucose Regulation: Insulin and glucagon regulate glucose levels by promoting either storage or release from the liver.

Question 20

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 20

Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

Question 21

What is Skeletal Muscle?

Answer 21

Striated, voluntary control, responsible for body movements.

Question 22

What is Cardiac Muscle?

Answer 22

Striated, involuntary control, found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

Question 23

What is smooth Muscle

Answer 23

Non-striated, involuntary control, found in walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels), involved in movement of substances.

Question 24

What are the components of blood?

Answer 24

Plasma
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelets

Question 25

What is the function of Plasma

Answer 25

Contains water, proteins (like albumin), electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; serves as the medium for transporting substances.

Question 26

What is the Function of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Answer 26

Contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

Question 27

What is the function of White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Answer 27

Involved in immune response; types include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

Question 28

What is the function of Platelets

Answer 28

Essential for blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding.

Question 29

How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 29

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood in the capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. Surfactant: Produced by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 30

What is Alveoli

Answer 30

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Question 31

What is Surfactant

Answer 31

Produced by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 32

What is the basic structure of a neuron

Answer 32

Dendrites Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Synapses

Question 33

What is Dendrites do

Answer 33

Receive electrical signals from other neurons.

Question 34

What is a cell body

Answer 34

Contains the nucleus; processes incoming signals.

Question 35

what does an Axon Do

Answer 35

Transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

Question 36

What is a Myelin Sheath

Answer 36

Fatty layer that insulates the axon and speeds up nerve signal transmission.

Question 37

What are synapses

Answer 37

Junctions where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals to neighboring neurons.

Question 38

What are the major endocrine glands

Answer 38

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Gonads

Question 39

What is the pituitary Gland

Answer 39

Known as the "master gland," it controls other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads) and secretes hormones like growth hormone.

Question 40

What is the Thyroid gland

Answer 40

Produces thyroid hormones (T3, T4), which regulate metabolism.

Question 41

What is the Adrenal Gland

Answer 41

Produce hormones like cortisol (stress response) and aldosterone (fluid balance).

Question 42

What is the pancreas

Answer 42

Produces insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose).

Question 43

what are the gonads

Answer 43

(Ovaries and Testes) they Produce sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) responsible for reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 44

What are the key concepts in Mendelian genetics?

Answer 44

Genes Alleles Dominant and Recessive Traits Genotype Phenotype

Question 45

what are genes

Answer 45

Units of heredity located on chromosomes, responsible for traits.

Question 46

what are alleles

Answer 46

Different forms of a gene. For example, a gene for eye color may have alleles for brown or blue eyes.

Question 47

what is a dominant allele

Answer 47

Expressed even if only one copy is present (e.g., brown eyes).

Question 48

what is a recessive allele

Answer 48

Expressed only if two copies are present (e.g., blue eyes).

Question 49

what is genotype

Answer 49

The genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., Bb).

Question 50

What is Phenotype

Answer 50

The physical expression of the genotype (e.g., brown eyes).