seneca Brainscape cards

Question 1

what is phonology?

Answer 1

the study of sounds

Question 2

what is phonetics?

Answer 2

the study of how sounds are produced.

Question 3

what is acquisition?

Answer 3

how we gain and acquire language

Question 4

how many phonemes are there in the English language?

Answer 4

44

Question 5

what is the vocal tract?

Answer 5

the system where sounds are produced

Question 6

the difference between the two descriptions of the phonemes….

Answer 6

phonemes can be voiced and unvoiced

vibrations (vocal folds)

Question 7

what are the parts of the vocal tract called that help to produce sounds called

Answer 7

Artiulators

Question 8

what is palato-alevoelar?

Answer 8

produced when the tongue is pressed past the alveolar ridge like ‘shoe’

Question 9

what are velar sounds?

Answer 9

when tongue is touching the soft palate like g ‘green’

Question 10

what are dental sounds?

Answer 10

sounds produced using the teeth, British standard English only 2 dental sounds. ‘through’ and ‘this’

Question 11

what are alveolar sounds?

Answer 11

sounds being produced when tongue is pressed against the ridge ‘teeth’.

Question 12

what are glottal sounds

Answer 12

sounds produced in the glottis ‘house’ and words using the global stop like ‘butter’= ‘bu-er’

Question 13

the manner of articulation

Answer 13

referring to the way air is forced to work

Question 14

what are approximant?

Answer 14

manner of articulation

when articulates are Brought together but not fully touching

Question 15

what are plosives?

Answer 15

quick release of built up air “green’

Question 16

what are nasals?

Answer 16

release air through nose

Question 17

what is phonological simplification?

Answer 17

when a child uses techniques to simplify the pronunciation of words.

Question 18

name the different techniques in phonological simplification

Answer 18

assimilation
addition
consonant cluster reduction 
substitution 
deletion

Question 19

what is assimilation?

Answer 19

sounds later on have influence of the other sounds of the word eg ‘rabbit’ becomes ‘babbit’.

Question 20

what is addition?

Answer 20

when a child adds a constant or vowel

Question 21

what is constant cluster reduction?

Answer 21

when a child reduces a set of constants find together such as ‘spider’ to ider or pider

Question 22

what is substitution?

Answer 22

child changes one sound for another

Question 23

what is deletion?

Answer 23

child drops a constanant from words

Question 24

Berko and Brown

Answer 24

fin-fish phenomenon- child can notice mistakes but can not recognise they are making the mistake, or maybe they can’t pronounce the things properly.

Question 25

when can a foetus hear sound?

Answer 25

17 weeks

Question 26

what did Mehler (1988)

Answer 26

French babies had a stronger reaction to French sounds at 4 days old than others. accustomed to their native language before birth.

Question 27

what does MAK hallidays theory state?

Answer 27

child will learn language to achieve things.

Question 28

what are the 7 functions of language? MAK Halliday

Answer 28

instrumental- basic needs regulatory- to get people to do something interactional- interact with others personal- explores identity heuristic- explore the word that surrounds the child imaginative- used to be imaginative representational- lang used for facts

Question 29

what are the three categories Rescorla defined when talking about the overextending of words?

Answer 29

categorical analogical relational

Question 30

what does categorical mean in terms of overextending?

Answer 30

child uses one word to describe everything in a category. (hypernym) (hyponym is the more specific)

Question 31

what does analogical mean?

Answer 31

child uses a word to describe something that is physically or visually similar. eg calling a van a car.

Question 32

what does relational mean?

Answer 32

using a word that has some relation to what should actually be used (calling a horse a cow)

Question 33

what are lexical words?

Answer 33

``` carry some form of meaning (content or open class words) ```

Question 34

what are grammatical words?

Answer 34

serve a cohesive purpose holding sentence together. | Have a function.

Question 35

what is the holophrastic stage?

Answer 35

children speaking using single words (holophrases)

Question 36

when does the holophrastic stage occur?

Answer 36

9-18 months

Question 37

do holophrases encompass many meanings and moods?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

what are the word class of holophrases predominantly?

Answer 38

nouns

Question 39

what is the two word phrase?

Answer 39

utterances of one two words

Question 40

when does the two word phrase occur?

Answer 40

18-24 month old

Question 41

do syntaxes occur in the two word phrase?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

what is the telegraphic stage?

Answer 42

when a child's speaking using utterances with just enough info

Question 43

when does the telegraphic stage occur?

Answer 43

24 to 30 months

Question 44

are a wider range of word classes acquired in the telegraphic stage?

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

what happens from 2.5 years to 5 years? (post-telagraphic stage)

Answer 45

rapid expansion, more frequent adjectives | complex utterance stage

Question 46

what is negation?

Answer 46

child starts to front negatives in the holophrastic and two word stage telegraphic stage= place negatives before main word after that it is almost always correct.

Question 47

what is a morpheme?

Answer 47

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided eg 'in' 'come'

Question 48

who created the theory that children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 48

B.F. Skinner

Question 49

what assists with positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 49

tone of voice ands paralinguistic features

Question 50

what are paralinguistic features?

Answer 50

spoken communication that do not involve words such as body movement

Question 51

when spotting this in an exam how would you do it?

Answer 51

looking for when caregivers repeat something or reinforce utterances

Question 52

what do interactionalists believe?

Answer 52

child is born as a tabula rasa | learns lang with interactions with caregiver

Question 53

what part of the nature vs nurture debate do interactionalist argue for?

Answer 53

nurture

Question 54

what is child directed speech?

Answer 54

the processes of talking to a child.

Question 55

what does Bruner believe?

Answer 55

child must interact with a caregiver in order to learn | created a system he calls LASS

Question 56

what does LASS stand for?

Answer 56

Language (language acquisition support system)

Question 57

what is the LASS system designed to do?

Answer 57

to 'scaffold' a Childs learning= helping them use language more accurately.

Question 58

who carried out the case study of JIM?

Answer 58

Bard and Sachs

Question 59

what was the JIM case study about?

Answer 59

parents deaf although he was exposed to radio and tv he passed critical period and had difficulties speaking, interactions with a speech therapist improved this.

Question 60

what does the JIM case study conclude?

Answer 60

proves there is a need for interaction.

Question 61

what did lenneburg say about the critical period?

Answer 61

period of time in which a child best learns language

Question 62

who coined the term critical period?

Answer 62

Lenneburg

Question 63

what did snow and Bruner argue?

Answer 63

caregivers may use strategies as part of the scaffolding and CDS processes.

Question 64

what are the different strategies Bruner and snow proposed?

Answer 64

recasting and reformulation= repeats what child said including things they may have missed out expansion= making utterance more complex exaggerated prosodic cues= vary pitch high initiations expansion= giving more info overartiulation- stretches out vowel sounds.

Question 65

who's work did Chomsky take issue with?

Answer 65

bruner

Question 66

what does Chomsky question?

Answer 66

how children can produce utterances that are non standard to the point where a parent wouldn't have said that

Question 67

who developed the theory of nativism?

Answer 67

noam Chomsky

Question 68

what does the theory state?

Answer 68

children cannot learn thru imitation of caregivers because they have a 'poverty of stimulus' stating that parents essentially do not provide a good enough standard of language

Question 69

what does LAD stand for?

Answer 69

Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky)- have something inbuilt in their brains to help them learn lang