Sensation

Question 1

Define sensation

Answer 1

An internal state produced when out senses gather information about the outside world

Question 2

What are the 4 stages of conversion

Answer 2

Accessory structures
Transduction
Sensory nerves
Sensation

Question 3

What are accessory structures

Answer 3

E.g. eyes and ears

Question 4

What is the process of transduction

Answer 4

Physical energy is picked up by receptors and is converted into neural energy, which receptors respond to.

Question 5

What is the path of the sensory nerves

Answer 5

Thalamus to various parts of the cortex

Question 6

When is a sensation produced

Answer 6

When the message reaches the brain

Question 7

Define psychometrics

Answer 7

Measuring our senses and their thresholds

Question 8

What does the term Noise mean

Answer 8

A random excitation or inhibition of neurons that either increase or decrease the sensed intensity of a physical stimulus

Question 9

What are some implications of noise

Answer 9

Noise may not always produce the same internal sensation
Physical signal does not equal sensation

Question 10

What is the Absolute threshold

Answer 10

Detecting a stimulus 50% of the time

Question 11

What is Weber’s law of difference threshold

Answer 11

The smallest amount of change in a stimulus before a change is detected

Question 12

What is Webers fraction within the law

Answer 12

Change of intensity of stimulus/intensity of standard = C

Question 13

What is background intensity directly proportional to?

Answer 13

The difference threshold

Question 14

What is hearing based of?

Answer 14

Soundwaves

Question 15

Define pitch

Answer 15

Frequency of waves (Hz)

Question 16

Define volume

Answer 16

Amplitude of waves (Decibels)

Question 17

Define complexity

Answer 17

Nature of the sound (timbre)

Question 18

What is the place theory

Answer 18

Various places on the basilar membrane vibrate more depending on the pitch

Question 19

Where is a low frequency detected in the ear

Answer 19

Apex

Question 20

Where is high frequency detected in the ear?

Answer 20

At the base

Question 21

What has research found that has artificially stimulated areas of the basilar membrane

Answer 21

Caused sensations of hearing different pitches

Question 22

What do individuals who cannot hear certain pitches have damage to?

Answer 22

Basilar membrane

Question 23

What is a problem of the place theory

Answer 23

Below 100Hz no specific place of the membrane vibrates more than the rest

Question 24

Describe the frequency theory

Answer 24

The higher the frequency of the sound the faster it vibrates

Question 25

What is the most important factor within the frequency theory

Answer 25

The rate that the hair cells are stimulated

Question 26

What is a problem with the frequency theory?

Answer 26

Above 1000Hz, the cells go into refractory period as they cannot fire any faster.

Question 27

What is the frequency and volley theory?

Answer 27

Groups of hair cells fire in alternation to send a higher frequency of signal to the brain.

Question 28

What is a problem with the frequency and volley theory?

Answer 28

Extremely high frequencies require overly complex teamwork

Question 29

What does vision define?

Answer 29

Physical energy

Question 30

What is light measured in

Answer 30

Manometers

Question 31

What is the electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 31

Differing wavelengths

Question 32

X rays

Answer 32

1-10Nm

Question 33

Ultraviolet

Answer 33

101Nm (we only see part of this spectrum)

Question 34

Infrared

Answer 34

103Nm (We only see part of this spectrum)

Question 35

Radar

Answer 35

105 Nm

Question 36

FM radio

Answer 36

109 Nm

Question 37

TV

Answer 37

1011Nm

Question 38

am Radio

Answer 38

1012Nm

Question 39

Violet

Answer 39

400Nm

Question 40

Blue

Answer 40

500Nm

Question 41

Green

Answer 41

570Nm

Question 42

Yellow

Answer 42

600Nm

Question 43

Orange

Answer 43

650Nm

Question 44

Red

Answer 44

700Nm

Question 45

Where are photoreceptors found

Answer 45

In the retina

Question 46

What do photoreceptors contain?

Answer 46

Photopigment

Question 47

What do photopigments do

Answer 47

Break down light projected onto photoreceptors, initiating transition of information to the brain, and then breaks down itself (becoming lighter)

Question 48

What are the two types of photoreceptors

Answer 48

Rods Cones

Question 49

When are rods of use?

Answer 49

When looking at dim light with no colour information

Question 50

Where are rods located?

Answer 50

On the Fovea

Question 51

What do rods contain

Answer 51

Rhodopsin

Question 52

When are cones of use?

Answer 52

When looking at bright light with lots of detail and colour information

Question 53

What do comes contain

Answer 53

Iodopsin

Question 54

How many types of cones are there

Answer 54

3

Question 55

What theory describes colour vision

Answer 55

Trichromatic theory

Question 56

What are colours of the spectrum

Answer 56

Colours that can be made of either a unique wavelength of light or a combination of unique wavelength.

Question 57

What are primary colours?

Answer 57

Colours that produce and colour on the spectrum when combined with the right amount.

Question 58

What are the subtractive pigments

Answer 58

Blue, red and yellow

Question 59

What are the additive lights?

Answer 59

Red, blue and green.

Question 60

Comes sensitive to short wavelengths produce a sensation of?

Answer 60

Blue

Question 61

Cones that are sensitive to medium wavelengths produce a sensation of?

Answer 61

Green

Question 62

Comes that are sensitive to long wavelengths produce a sensation of?

Answer 62

Red

Question 63

What happens when mixing colours

Answer 63

More than one type of iodopsin is bleached

Question 64

What does the breakdown of combinations of Iodopsin produce?

Answer 64

A sensation of other colours on the spectrum.

Question 65

How many types of iodopsin do dichromatic colour blind people have?

Answer 65

2 Blue and green Or Blue and red

Question 66

How many Iodopsin do monochromatic colour blind people have?

Answer 66

One - can only see shades of monochrome

Question 67

Problems with Dichromatic colour blindness in supporting the trichromatic theory

Answer 67

Dichromats can see yellow which is produced from bleached red and green Iodopsin

Question 68

How does information travel from the photoreceptor to produce a sensation

Answer 68

Information from rods and cones are conveyed to ganglion cells, via bipolar cells, which send information to the optic nerve.

Question 69

What is known as the blind spot of the eye

Answer 69

The optic disk

Question 70

Where does information from the eye meet?

Answer 70

Optic chiasm

Question 71

What does the optic chiasm do?

Answer 71

Re-routes information to the thalamus which is sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Question 72

What are the three receptors involved in touch?

Answer 72

Temperature, pressure and pain

Question 73

What do temperature and pressure have in common

Answer 73

They are both relative

Question 74

What is felt at 32 degrees

Answer 74

Neither cold or hot

Question 75

Where does information from the left visual field go?

Answer 75

To the right cerebral hemisphere.

Question 76

Where does information from the right visual field go to?

Answer 76

Left cerebral hemisphere

Question 77

What substance provides pain

Answer 77

P

Question 78

What decreases pain

Answer 78

Endorphins

Question 79

How do electrodes release endorphins to reduce pain

Answer 79

Stimulating parts of the brain or in anticipation of pain

Question 80

What chemicals produce a physiological response to smell when secreted into the body?

Answer 80

Olfactory sense pheromones

Question 81

What percentage of the population lose their sense of smell?

Answer 81

8%

Question 82

What is smell closely linked to

Answer 82

Taste

Question 83

What are the main taste buds?

Answer 83

Bitter, salty, sour, and sweet

Question 84

What does taste sensation act similarly to?

Answer 84

Colour sensation

Question 85

What happens with a different ratio of output from a few different types of receptor cells

Answer 85

Can produce a multitude of sensations

Question 86

What other factors influence taste?

Answer 86

Smell, mood and texture