Sensation

Question 0

Crude touch

Answer 0

Hair root plexuses 
Ruffini receptors ( type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors)

Question 1

Discriminative touch receptors

Answer 1

Merkel discs ( type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors ) 
Meissners corpuscles of touch

Question 2

Pressure and low frequency vibration

Answer 2

Meissners corpuscles

Question 3

High frequency vibration and pressure receptors

Answer 3

Lamellated pacinian corpuscles

Question 4

All pressure receptors

Answer 4

Meissners corpuscles
Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Lamellated/ pacinian corpuscles

Question 5

Encapsulated nerve ending receptors include

Answer 5

Meissners

Pacinian/ Lamellated

Question 6

Intensity of pain is related to ______ of damage not the ______.

Answer 6

Rate

Amount

Question 7

Changes in what ion concentration seem to be key in stimulating pain receptors

Answer 7

Hydrogen ions

Can linger after stimulus is removed therefore pain sensation can persists

Question 8

What two substances can lower the threshold for pain nerve endings

Answer 8

Substance P

Prostaglandins

Question 9

Gate control theory is based on the fact that pain impulses through the _____ of the spinal cord can be modulated or_____ by activity in what fibers?

Answer 9

Posterior horn
Gated
Large myelinated sensory A fibers

Question 10

______ from A sensory fibers synapse with _______ in the posterior horn which then inhibit what fibers?

Referring to gate control theory

Answer 10

Collateral axons
Inhibitory interneurons
A and C pain fibers

Question 11

What releases enkephalins and how do they function to suppress pain?

Answer 11

Interneurons (some not all)

Block calcium influx therefore blocking NT release from vesicles (glutamate and substance P)

Question 12

How does descending inhibition function in pain control?

Answer 12

Neurons from dorsal columns (fasciculus gracillis and cuneatus) send collaterals to midbrain and medulla stimulating serotonin and enkephalins release (natural opiates)

Question 13

List 5 techniques we can use in our practice to increase large A type sensory fibers input and therefore block A and C pain fibers

Answer 13

Massage**********
Hot packs 
Joint mobilization 
Vibration rocking shaking 
Linaments

Question 14

Provide examples of counterirritation methods.

How do these work

Answer 14

Mustard plaster
X-fiber Frictions 
Linaments 
Shaking 
Compression 

“Pain inhibition pain” produces good pain elsewhere and distracts from original pain
(Works on spinal cord/brain stem loop)

Question 15

Explain how higher levels of pain control function

Answer 15

1-dorsal columns send collaterals to midbrain and medulla
2- stimulates serotonin and enkephalins release
3- corticospinal fibers targeting dorsal horn send collaterals to inhibitory neurons which inhibit 2 order spinothalamic neurons ( lateral for pain)

Question 16

Analgesics may block what two things?

Answer 16

Prostaglandins that stimulate pain receptors (Advil)

Impulses from primary sensory neuron pain receptors (lidocaine/novacaine)

Question 17

How do opiates work on the brain

Answer 17

Send descending inhibitory impulses preventing transmission with 2nd order neurons in cord therefore pain is not perceived by the brain