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Physiology II > Sensation and Pain > Flashcards

Sensation and Pain Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 things that effect sensory coding?

A

modality (type of energy)
location
intensity
duration

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2
Q

modality

A

type of energy transmitted by stimulus
mechanical, thermal, chemical
graded potential & adequate stimuli

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3
Q

location

A

site on the body of space where stimulus is originated

  • 2 pt discrimination
  • lateral inhibition
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4
Q

hyperalgesia

A

sensitization of pain

enhanced by lateral inhibition

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5
Q

intensity

A

response amplitude or frequency of action potential generation

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6
Q

summation of signals

A

and activity of nerve fibers

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7
Q

duration

A

time from start to end of a response in the receptor

attribute of stimuli and receptor type

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8
Q

how is the magnitude of the graded potential related to the intensity

A

proportional

graded potential must reach threshold of the axon for action potential

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9
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

where the primary neuron senses the stimuli and inhibits neighboring neurons
this enhances the contrast/precise location

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10
Q

what are the two ways that gradations in signal intensity can be achieved?

A

spatial summation

temporal summation

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11
Q

spatial summation

A

increase # of fibers stimulated to increase AP

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12
Q

temporal summation

A

increase the rate of firing in a given number of fibers to increase AP

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13
Q

hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers by chemical factors associated with inflammation
-increases firing frequency

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14
Q

where does hyperalgesia occur

A

peripheral nerve and dorsal horn

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15
Q

what causes pain enhancement?

A

PG

substance P

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16
Q

what causes pain induction?

A 
bradykinin
serotonin
histamine
K
acids
nerve growth factor
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17
Q

what does substance p do?

A

increases capillary permeability

causes mast cells to release histamine

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18
Q

where is hyperalgesia important?

A

deep tissue afferents

bc they are insensitive normally

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19
Q

how does bradykinin, substance p and nerve growth factor work?

A

activate TRPV1 and induce depol of nociceptive axons via Na and Ca entry

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20
Q

how do prostaglandins work?

A

open TTX resistant VGNC

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21
Q

tonic receptors

A

slow adaptation

respond for duration of stimulus

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22
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapid adaptation

they fire once when stimuli starts and once when ends

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23
Q

what does the duration of the action potentials depend on?

A

the duration of the stimuli

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24
Q

what does the amplitude of the action potential depend on

A

stimuli intensity

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25
what are the 3 afferent nerve fiber types? and their NT?
a-beta: glutamate a-delta: glutamate c fibers: substance P
26
a-beta
``` large diameter(low res), myelinated (high conduct) FAST APs from mechanoreceptors nonnoxious ```
27
a delta
``` fast sharp localized pain thin myelinated MODERATE SPEED APs from nociceptors (mechanical, thermal) crude touch and temp ```
28
c fibers
``` slow dull, aching, burning throbbing thin, unmylen SLOW APs from nociceptors (mech, therm, chem) warm and cold ```
29
speed of abeta
30-70m/s
30
speed of a delta
2-10m/s
31
speed of c fiber
1 m/s
32
hair follicles receptor
g hair (long a beta), d hair (short a delta)
33
3 short adapting receptors
hair follicles meissner corpuscle pacinian corpuscle
34
what are the 2 pathways for sensory information
``` dorsal column- medial lemniscal system (touch and vibration) anterolateral system (PAIN) ```
35
what is homunculus
a monkey hanging by its feet on the side of the brain
36
where is the somatosensory cortex
in the postcentral gyrus
37
where is the motor cortex
in the precentral gyrus
38
when you feel something on your right hand what side of your brain does that signal get sent to?
left side
39
nerual pathway for touch and pressure A beta receptors
2nd order cross over at medulla | high degree of spatial fidelity (somatosensory cortex)
40
neural pathway for pain and temp A delta & c fibers
2nd order cross at the spinal cord level immediately | low spatial fidelity and more loss to regions lower than thalamus
41
fast sharp pain? fibers, NT, localization, termination pt, spinal tract
a delta glutamate localized well neospinothalmic tract
42
slow dull pain? fibers, NT, localization, termination pt, spinal tract
``` c fibers substance p terminate in lower brain region poor localization paleospinothalmic tract ```
43
hemineglect
failure to be aware of one side of the body
44
astereognosis
inability to identify an object by touch
45
agraphesthesia
inability to know where ones body is in space
46
destruction of somatosensory area 1,2,3 in brodmann area causes?
``` loss vibration,fine touch, proprioception localization degree of pressure determine weight texture judgement ```
47
destruction of somatosensory association area 5,7 in brodmann area causes?
inability to recognize complex objects | neglect of contralateral world
48
nociceptor
pain receptor | widely distributed
49
what is the threshold for nociceptors?
high | must pose risk of tissue damage
50
do nociceptors adapt to the stimulation?
NO | "dont do that again"
51
what are the 4 distinct process of nociception?
transduction- cell damage that release chems and activate nociceptors transmission- AP to cortex for process perception- conscious experience of pain modulation- inhibit nociceptive impulses
52
what is the gate control theory?
the same pain can be interpreted differently depending on what the nerves from the brain and other peripheral fibers are doing in accordance with the pain fiber
53
what is an example of gating
when you rub someones arm while injecting propofol
54
physiological pain acute
reflexive avoidance | little or no tissue injury
55
pathological pain chronic
tissue or nerve injury | inflammation in area
56
what are the two types of pain
physiological acute | pathologival chronic
57
how do we go from pain and touch to hot and cold?
transient receptor potential (TRP) channels
58
what are the 3 types of TRP channels
plasma membrane v vanilloid a ankyrin non selectively perm for na, ca, mg
59
cold fibers
a delta | c fibers
60
hot fibers
c fibers
61
are there more cold or hot sensitive spots?
4-10x more cold
62
capsaicin cream
chili peppers, depletes presynaptic substance P
63
what is the heat activated Na/Ca channel?
TRPVI opens between 37-45C capcaicin binds and heat is felt
64
dermatome
area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from spinal nerve ganglion
65
clinical significance of dermatomes
localizing cord leision shingles referred pain causes of visceral pain
66
4 types of analgesics
antiinflammatory drugs local anesthetics alpha 2 agonists opiods
67
antiinflammatory drugs
inhibit PNS transduction by inhibiting the formation of PG
68
local anesthetics
Na+ channel blockade interrupt transduction or transmission
69
alpha 2 agonists
block PNS and CNS transmission by inhib NE release and preventing further impulses
70
opiods
inhibiting afferent nerve transmission | and help gate pain
71
what are the glutamate receptors?
AMPA | NMDA
72
naloxone
opioid receptor antagonist | could eliminate placebo effect
73
what 3 things do opiates do?
reduce cAMP, Ca influx and AP reduce Ca influx and NT release hyperpolarized via K efflux

Physiology II (10 decks)

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