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Psych 101 > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

bottom-up processing

A

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

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2
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention

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3
Q

perception

A

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

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4
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the reduction in sensitivity after prolonged exposure to a stimulus

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

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6
Q

just noticeable difference

A

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

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7
Q

subliminal message

A

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

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8
Q

Weber’s law

A

Ernst Weber’s discovery that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus and bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed

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9
Q

transduction

A

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

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10
Q

binocular cue

A

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

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11
Q

binocular disparity

A

slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

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12
Q

linear perspective

A

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

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13
Q

linear perspective

A

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

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14
Q

monocular cue

A

cue that requires only one eye

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15
Q

opponent-process theory of color perception

A

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green

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16
Q

synesthesia

A

the blending of two or more sensory experiences, or the automatic activation of a secondary (indirect) sensory experience due to certain aspects of the primary (direct) sensory stimulation.

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17
Q

trichromatic theory of color perception

A

color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones

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18
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

coordination of motion information with visual information that allows you to maintain your gaze on an object while you move.

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19
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system

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20
Q

cochlea

A

a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system

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21
Q

hair cell

A

auditory receptor cell of the inner ear

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22
Q

incus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil

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23
Q

malleus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer

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24
Q

pinna

A

visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head

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25
Q

stapes

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup

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26
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

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27
Q

binaural cue

A

two-eared cue to localize sound

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28
Q

cochlear implant

A

electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

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29
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles

30
Q

congenital deafness

A

deafness from birth

31
Q

interaural level difference

A

sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head

32
Q

interaural timing difference

A

small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

33
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear

34
Q

monaural cue

A

one-eared cue to localize sound

35
Q

place theory of pitch perception

A

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

36
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

37
Q

temporal theory of pitch perception

A

sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

38
Q

olfactory bulb

A

bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin

39
Q

olfactory receptor

A

sensory cell for the olfactory system

40
Q

pheromone

A

chemical message sent by another individual

41
Q

taste bud

A

grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud

42
Q

umami

A

taste for monosodium glutamate

43
Q

congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia)

A

genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain

44
Q

inflammatory pain

A

signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred

45
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

46
Q

Merkel’s disk

A

touch receptor that responds to light touch

47
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system

48
Q

nociception

A

sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain

49
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

50
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

touch receptor that detects stretch

51
Q

vestibular sense

A

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

52
Q

kinesthesia

A

perception of the body’s movement through space

53
Q

proprioception

A

perception of body position

54
Q

closure

A

organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

55
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

segmenting our visual world into figure and ground

56
Q

good continuation (also, continuity)

A

we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines

57
Q

pattern perception

A

ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes

58
Q

perceptual hypothesis

A

educated guess used to interpret sensory information

59
Q

proximity

A

things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

60
Q

similarity

A

things that are alike tend to be grouped together

61
Q

crossmodal phenomena

A

effects that concern the influence of the perception of one sensory modality on the perception of another

62
Q

double flash illusion

A

the false perception of two visual flashes when a single flash is accompanied by two auditory beeps

63
Q

integrated

A

the process by which the perceptual system combines information arising from more than one modality

64
Q

McGurk effect

A

an effect in which conflicting visual and auditory components of a speech stimulus result in an illusory perception

65
Q

multimodal

A

of or pertaining to multiple sensory modalities

66
Q

multimodal perception

A

the effects that concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality has on the perception of events and objects in the world

67
Q

multimodal phenomena

A

effects that concern the binding of inputs from multiple sensory modalities

68
Q

rubber hand illusion

A

the false perception of a fake hand as belonging to a perceiver, due to multimodal sensory information

69
Q

sensory modalities

A

a type of sense; for example, vision or audition

70
Q

unimodal

A

of or pertaining to a single sensory modality

71
Q

Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?

A

pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve

72
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

deafness due to damage to cochlea

Psych 101 (8 decks)

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