Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Overt

Answer 1

looking directly at an object

Question 2

Covert

Answer 2

looking at an object but attending to another

Question 3

Saccade

Answer 3

rapid eye movement

Question 4

Two steps in directing attention

Answer 4

1. An initial involuntary process (attentional capture)
2. A subsequent voluntary process (guided by goals and expectations)

Question 5

Salience

Answer 5

the quality of being noticeable

Question 6

Blinding Problem

Answer 6

how and objects individual features are grouped together to create coherent percept

Question 7

Illusory Conjunction

Answer 7

a prediction is that if attention is inhibited, different objects will be incorrectly bound together

Question 8

Feature Integration Theory

Answer 8

blinding problem is solved by attending to only one location at a time

Question 9

Conjunction searches

Answer 9

slow and require blinding problem

Question 10

Feature searches

Answer 10

fast and do not require blinding problem

Question 11

Structuralism

Answer 11

sensations combine to form perceptions
conscious awareness is sum of elementary sensations

Question 12

Gestatlism

Answer 12

conscious awareness is more than sum of elementary sensations

Question 13

Evidence for gestaltism

Answer 13

apparent motion- two stationary dots flash and perceive motion
illusory contours- seen in locations where there is no physical contour

Question 14

Gestalt principles of grouping

Answer 14

Good continuation, Pragnanz, Similarity, Proximity, Common Fate, Common Region, Uniform Connectedness

Question 15

Good continuation

Answer 15

aligned contours grouped to form a single object

Question 16

Pragnanz

Answer 16

groupings to make figure appear as simple as possible

Question 17

Similarity

Answer 17

more similar, more likely grouped together

Question 18

Proximity

Answer 18

closer together so more likely to be grouped together

Question 19

Common Fate

Answer 19

moving the same way are grouped

Question 20

Common region

Answer 20

same region of space are grouped together

Question 21

Uniform connectedness

Answer 21

connected regions with same visual characteristics grouped

Question 22

Features that allow segregation to occur

Answer 22

in front of the rest of the image, at the bottom of the image, are convex, are recognizable

Question 23

Gist perception

Answer 23

27ms enough time to extract some gist, 250ms very accurate perception

Question 24

Function of motion perception

Answer 24

help break camouflage, attract attention, segregate objectsE

Question 25

When do we perceive motion

Answer 25

real motion, illusory motion, motion aftereffects, induced motion

Question 26

Change blindness

Answer 26

motion can make it harder to notice changes

Question 27

Footsteps Illusison

Answer 27

higher contrast objects appear to move faster, lower contrast objects move more slowly

Question 28

Aperture problem

Answer 28

can't see the end of lines so movement of line is ambiguous

Question 29

What is the range of visible light

Answer 29

400nm to 700nm

Question 30

Opaque object

Answer 30

colour determined by the light it reflects

Question 31

Transparent object

Answer 31

colour determined by the colour is transmits

Question 32

Munsell Colour system

Answer 32

value (lightness), hue (colour), chroma (saturation)

Question 33

Three types of cones

Answer 33

S cones- 419nm (blue) M cones- 531nm (green) L cones- 558nm (red)

Question 34

Monochromatism

Answer 34

no functioning cones, only functioning rods

Question 35

Dichromomatism

Answer 35

lacking one of the three types of cones

Question 36

Protanopes

Answer 36

lacking L cones ( X distinguish red and green)

Question 37

Deuteranopes

Answer 37

lacking M cones (X distinguish red and green)

Question 38

Tritanopes

Answer 38

lacking S cones (X distinguish blue and yellow)

Question 39

Colour constancy

Answer 39

light reflected by an object is determined by the product of reflectance and illumination achieve colour constancy by habituation and discounting the illuminant

Question 40

Oculomotor cues

Answer 40

Binocular convergence, accommodation

Question 41

Binocular convergence

Answer 41

both eyes are rotated inwards at different angles to focus on an object

Question 42

accommodation

Answer 42

change shape of the lens to focus on an object as distance varies

Question 43

Monocular cues

Answer 43

accommodation, pictorial cues, movement based cues

Question 44

Pictorial cues

Answer 44

occlusion, relative height, familiar and relative size, perspective convergence, atmospheric perspective, shadows

Question 45

Movement based cues

Answer 45

motion parallax e.g- closer objects move by faster deletion and accretion e.g- things appear and disappear behind things

Question 46

Binocular cues

Answer 46

binocular disparity

Question 47

Binocular disparity

Answer 47

each eye sees a slightly different view of a scene

Question 48

Loudness

Answer 48

increased amplitude, louder sound measured in phons

Question 49

pitch

Answer 49

increased frequency, increased pitch

Question 50

tone height

Answer 50

increases from left to right in a continuous manner

Question 51

chroma

Answer 51

neighboring letters of the same type sound familiar

Question 52

timbre

Answer 52

when two different instrument play the same note they don't sound the same

Question 53

periodic

Answer 53

each wave form repeats at a regular interval

Question 54

binaural cues

Answer 54

interval time difference= large difference between hearing things because sound shadow caused by head

Question 55

monaural cues

Answer 55

sound coming from different elevations bounces off different parts of the ear before entering ear canal

Question 56

architectural characteristics

Answer 56

reverberation time, intimacy time, base ratio, spaciousness factor