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Psychology GRE > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Founder of Gestalt Psychology and the phi phenomenon

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2
Q

Limen

A

Another word for threshold (e.g., subliminal)

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3
Q

Difference threshold

A

Would compare a standard stimulus and a comparison stimulus to find the difference threshold

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4
Q

Weber’s Law

A

What’s important in producing a just-noticeable-difference is not the absolute difference between the two stimulus, but the ratio of them. Change in intensity divided by standard stimulus equals K (K is Weber’s fraction/constant)

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5
Q

Just-noticeable-difference (JND)

A

One JND needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that they notice the difference.

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6
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

“Sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases”. The purpose of this law is to relate the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation.

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7
Q

S.S. Steven’s Power Law

A

Was an alternative suggestion to Fechner’s law. It also relates the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation.

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8
Q

Response bias

A

The tendency of subjects to respond in a particular way to to non sensory factors.

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9
Q

Receiver operating characteristics (ROC)

A

Curves employed by many researchers to graphically summarize a subject’s responses on the signal detection experimental (hits, misses, false alarms, correct negatives) by measuring the operating (sensitivity) characteristics of a subject receive signals.

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10
Q

John A. Swets

A

Refined the use of the ROC curve.

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11
Q

Duplicity (or duplexity) theory of vision

A

States that the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors.

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12
Q

True or false: In addition to being used for color vision, they also perceive fine detail

A

True. This is due to the small number of cones covering onto individual ganglion cells

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13
Q

Nasal fibers

A

The fibers from the eyes that cross to the opposite side of the brain (e.g., left eye to right brain) in the optic chiasm

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14
Q

Feature detection theory

A

Certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli (simple, complex, hypercomplex)

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15
Q

Illumination

A

A physical ,objective measure that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface

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16
Q

Brightness

A

The subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus

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17
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The photopigment of the rod. It is made of a vitamin A derivative called retinal and a protein called opsin.

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18
Q

Dark adaptation

A

When you adapt to a dark environment, like a move theater. When you first enter you can barely see, but soon your eyes adjust. The initial blindness results from rod bleaching, where rhodopsin is split into retinal and opsin.

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19
Q

Stimulus brightness contrast

A

A target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus.

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20
Q

Subtractive color mixture

A

Occurs when we mix pigments (e.g., blue and yellow make green). The mixture of pigments is subtractive.

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21
Q

Additive color mixing

A

Has to do with LIGHTS. Primary colors here are RBG. Mixing red and green gives yellow.

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22
Q

George Berkely

A

Listed various cues for depth (e.g., interposition, relative size, linear perspective).

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23
Q

Kinetic depth effect

A

It’s a special kind of motion parallax: When an object rather than the perceiver moves, the motion of that object gives us cues about the relative depth of parts of the object.

24
Q

Stereopsis

A

Another word for binocular disparity

25
Q

Binocular parallax

A

The degree of disparity between the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye in the skill.

26
Q

The most important concepts to consider in form perception

A

Figure and Ground

27
Q

Subjective contours

A

Perceiving contours, and therefore shapes, that are not present in the physical stimulus.

28
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

Perceptual organization will always be as “good” (i.e., regular, simple, symmetrical etc.) as possible

29
Q

Wolfgang Kohler’s theory of isomorphism

A

There is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain. This idea hasn’t faired well empirically.

30
Q

Real motion

A

Involves actual movement

31
Q

Apparent motion

A

An illusion that occurs when two dots flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot.

32
Q

induced motion

A

A stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves.

33
Q

Motion aftereffect

A

If a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops.

34
Q

Emmert’s Law

A

Size constancy depends on apparent distance. The farther away the object appears to be, the more the scaling device in the brane will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception.

35
Q

Ames room

A

Those pictures where one person appears to be a giant in comparison to another, resulting from false visual cues.

36
Q

Hering/Wundt illusions

A

Two horizontal lines are straight and parallel, in spite of the surrounding details indicating otherwise

37
Q

Poggendorff illusion

A

The diagonal line on the bottom is a continuation of the diagonal line on the top

38
Q

Reversible figure

A

A stimulus pattern in which two alternative, equally compelling perceptual organizations spontaneously oscillate (think a cube in a math book).

39
Q

Habituation method of studying visual perception in infants

A

When a new stimulus is presented to an infant, the infant will orient toward it if it can tell the difference

40
Q

Loudness

A

Considered subjective experience of the magnitude or intensity of the sound

41
Q

Pitch

A

Considered to be subjective experience of perception of the frequency of sound

42
Q

Timbre

A

Refers to the quality of a particular sound; related to the complexity of the sound wave and the mixture of the frequencies

43
Q

Basilar membrane

A

The most important member that runs the length of the cochlea. This is where the organ of Corti rests

44
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Where signals are transmitted out of the cochlea

45
Q

Superior olivary complex

A

A stop on the basic circuit of the auditory nerve (along with inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus)

46
Q

Von Beskey’s Traveling Wave

A

Movement of the basilar membrane is maximal at a difference place along with basilar membrane for each different frequency.

47
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Where smell receptors reside

48
Q

Taste Center

A

Area in the thalamus where taste information travels

49
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Where smell information travels

50
Q

Melzack and Wall

A

Associated with the gate theory of pain

51
Q

Proprioception

A

General term for our sense of bodily position and includes aspects of both the vestibular and kinesthetic senses

52
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Receptors for balance that are in the inner ear, above and behind the cochlea

53
Q

Donald Broadbent

A

Proposed that selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems

54
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Results of this technique show that observers can attend to one message and dampen out the other one

55
Q

Yerkes-Dodsen Law

A

Performance is worst at extremely low or extremely higher levels of arousal, and optimal at some intermediate level.

Psychology GRE (7 decks)

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