Sensation & Perception

Question 1

*Absolute Threshold

Answer 1

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual

Question 2

What is the order of sensation?

Answer 2

Stimuli/Sense receptors/Neural signals

Question 3

What is an example of transduction?

Answer 3

-The eyeball takes photons of light and turns then into neural signals.
-The ears take sound waves and turn them into neural signals

Question 4

Bottom-Up processing is processing without ________

Answer 4

a preconceived notion/bias.

Question 5

Top-Down processing is processing while __________

Answer 5

looking for something/having a preconceived notion.

Question 6

If stimuli is subliminal it is ______

Answer 6

below a person’s absolute threshold of conscious awareness.

Question 7

Hallucinations occur when a person…

Answer 7

is detecting stimuli that isn’t there.

Question 8

Psychophysics measure…

Answer 8

How physical characteristics of stimuli relate to our psychological experience.

Question 9

Signal Detection Theory

Answer 9

Our absolute threshold depends on:
-Experience
-Expectations
-Motivation
-Fatigue

Question 10

Difference Threshold

Answer 10

The minimum difference between two stimuli needed to detect the difference 50% of the time.

Question 11

Weber’s Law

Answer 11

The difference threshold is subjective. The competing stimuli affect how different the subject stimuli will be.

Question 12

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 12

Diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation.

Question 13

What is an example of Sensory Adaptation?

Answer 13

-Jumping into a cold pool and eventually getting used to the temperature.
-Automatic breathing
-Automatic blinking
-Not consciously feeling clothes

Question 14

Prosopagnosia

Answer 14

Inability to recognize a face.

Question 15

Globe Luxation

Answer 15

Loss of eyeballs

Question 16

_____ % of all sensory receptors are in eyes.

Answer 16

70

Question 17

Order of vision

Answer 17

Cornea→ Pupil→ Lens→ Retina (Rods/Cones) → Bipolar Cells (transduction)→ Ganglion Cells→ Optic Nerve (ganglion axons) → Visual Cortex/ Occipital Lobe.

Question 18

Light entering eye triggers…

Answer 18

Photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina.

Question 19

The optic nerve transmits information to the visual cortex via the…

Answer 19

Thalamus.

Question 20

The axons of ganglion cells converge to form the _____

Answer 20

Optic nerve.

Question 21

What is the function of the Iris?

Answer 21

-Regulates the size of the pupil by dilating or constricting (accomodation)
-Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the retina.

Question 22

What is the Retina composed of?

Answer 22

Photoreceptive cells (rods + cones)

Question 23

Rods

Answer 23

-Black and white
-Night vision
-Motion detection
-Peripheral vision

Question 24

Cones

Answer 24

-Color
-Clarity

Question 25

Fovea

Answer 25

-Center of the retina -Comprised of Cones

Question 26

Hue

Answer 26

Color determined by the wavelength of light

Question 27

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

Answer 27

Theorized the perception of color is based on activation of 3 different types of cones: -Red/green -Blue/Yellow -Black/White

Question 28

Color Blindness

Answer 28

-Usually caused by a misfiring or lack of cones -Most commonly a Red/Green deficiency (dichromatic)

Question 29

Feature Detectors

Answer 29

Specialized nerve cells in the occipital lobe's visual cortex which only detect 1 feature, such as: -Edges -Vertical Lines -Horizontal Lines -Angles -Movement

Question 30

What feature of the brain allows photos to be assembled from feature detectors?

Answer 30

White Matter

Question 31

Parallel Processing

Answer 31

The ability of the brain to process multiple types of information simultaneously. (In contrast to Serial Processing) (Vision involves parallel processing of motion, form, depth, and color)

Question 32

The Stroop Effect

Answer 32

Cognitive delay in processing incongruent stimuli

Question 33

Loudness is determined by ____

Answer 33

The amplitude of a sound wave.

Question 34

Pitch

Answer 34

The low or high tone determined by the frequency of a sound wave.

Question 35

Place Theory

Answer 35

Theorizes that the hair cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea are each tuned to activate at a specific frequency.

Question 36

Frequency Theory

Answer 36

Theorizes that the rate of impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone (for low-frequency sounds)

Question 37

Conduction hearing loss

Answer 37

Damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Ex. Earwax blocking the auditory canal; damage to the eardrum, hammer, anvil stirrup, or oval window; swelling which restricts the movement of these parts.

Question 38

Sensorineural hearing loss/ nerve deafness

Answer 38

Damage to the hair cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea

Question 39

Cochlear implant

Answer 39

A type of hearing aid that converts sound waves into electrical signals and stimulates activation in the auditory nerve (bypasses the damage in the cochlea)

Question 40

The word for taste is...

Answer 40

Gustation

Question 41

The word for smell is...

Answer 41

Olfaction

Question 42

There are ______ gustatory receptor cells per taste bud.

Answer 42

50-100

Question 43

What are the 5 types of flavor receptor cells?

Answer 43

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami/Savory.

Question 44

Transduction to neural signals is sent to the...

Answer 44

Gustatory Cortex of the Temporal Lobes