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175102 Psychological Science > Sense and Perception > Flashcards

Sense and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection by a sense.

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2
Q

Agnosia

A

Loss of the ability to perceive stimuli.

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3
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of the ability to smell.

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4
Q

Audition

A

Ability to process auditory stimuli. Also called hearing.

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5
Q

Auditory canal

A

Tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.

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6
Q

Auditory hair cells

A

Receptors in the cochlea that transduce sound into electrical potentials.

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7
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Difference is images processed by the left and right eyes.

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8
Q

Binocular vision

A

Our ability to perceive 3D and depth because of the difference between the images on each of our retinas.

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9
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Building up to perceptual experience from individual pieces.

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10
Q

Chemical senses

A

Our ability to process the environmental stimuli of smell and taste.

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11
Q

Cochlea

A

Spiral bone structure in the inner ear containing auditory hair cells.

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12
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to color. Located primarily in the fovea.

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13
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Adjustment of eye to low levels of light.

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14
Q

Differential threshold

A

The smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli. (See Just Noticeable Difference (JND))

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15
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

Pathway of visual processing. The “where” pathway.

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16
Q

Flavour

A

The combination of smell and taste.

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17
Q

Gustation

A

Ability to process gustatory stimuli. Also called taste.

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18
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

The smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli. (see Differential Threshold)

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19
Q

Light adaptation

A

Adjustment of eye to high levels of light.

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20
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical sensory receptors in the skin that response to tactile stimulation.

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21
Q

Multimodal perception

A

The effects that concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality has on the perception of events and objects in the world.

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22
Q

Nociception

A

Our ability to sense pain.

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23
Q

Odorants

A

Chemicals transduced by olfactory receptors.

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24
Q

Olfaction

A

Ability to process olfactory stimuli. Also called smell.

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25
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Organ containing olfactory receptors.

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26
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Theory proposing color vision as influenced by cells responsive to pairs of colors.

27
Q

Ossicles

A

A collection of three small bones in the middle ear that vibrate against the tympanic membrane.

28
Q

Perception

A

The psychological process of interpreting sensory information.

29
Q

Phantom limb

A

The perception that a missing limb still exists.

30
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

Pain in a limb that no longer exists.

31
Q

Pinna

A

Outermost portion of the ear.

32
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Area of the cortex involved in processing auditory stimuli.

33
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Area of the cortex involved in processing somatosensory stimuli.

34
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Area of the cortex involved in processing visual stimuli.

35
Q

Principle of inverse effectiveness

A

The finding that, in general, for a multimodal stimulus, if the response to each unimodal component (on its own) is weak, then the opportunity for multisensory enhancement is very large. However, if one component—by itself—is sufficient to evoke a strong response, then the effect on the response gained by simultaneously processing the other components of the stimulus will be relatively small.

36
Q

Retina

A

Cell layer in the back of the eye containing photoreceptors.

37
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors of the retina sensitive to low levels of light. Located around the fovea.

38
Q

Sensation

A

The physical processing of environmental stimuli by the sense organs.

39
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.

40
Q

Shape theory of olfaction

A

Theory proposing that odorants of different size and shape correspond to different smells.

41
Q

Signal detection

A

Method for studying the ability to correctly identify sensory stimuli.

42
Q

Somatosensation

A

Ability to sense touch, pain and temperature.

43
Q

Somatotopic map

A

Organization of the primary somatosensory cortex maintaining a representation of the arrangement of the body.

44
Q

Sound waves

A

Changes in air pressure. The physical stimulus for audition.

45
Q

Superadditive effect of multisensory integration

A

The finding that responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of the independent responses to each unimodal component if it were presented on its own.

46
Q

Tastants

A

Chemicals transduced by taste receptor cells.

47
Q

Taste receptor cells

A

Receptors that transduce gustatory information.

48
Q

Top-down processing

A

Experience influencing the perception of stimuli.

49
Q

Transduction

A

The conversion of one form of energy into another.

50
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Theory proposing color vision as influenced by three different cones responding preferentially to red, green and blue.

51
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Thin, stretched membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound. Also called the eardrum.

52
Q

Ventral pathway

A

Pathway of visual processing. The “what” pathway.

53
Q

Vestibular system

A

Parts of the inner ear involved in balance.

54
Q

Weber’s law

A

States that just noticeable difference is proportional to the magnitude of the initial stimulus.

55
Q

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?

Select one:

a. Sensory Adaptation
b. Partial Hearing Loss
c. Tympanic Synthesis
d. “3-D” Hearing

A

Sensory Adaptation

56
Q

The vestibular system is primarily responsible for ____________.

Select one:

a. processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance
b. sending pain and temperature signals from the skin to the brain; problems would make it difficult to feel pain
c. transforming chemical smells into electrical signals; problems would make it difficult to smell
d. encoding and processing faces; problems would make it difficult to recognize friends

A

processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance

57
Q

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________.

a. primary somatosensory cortex
b. anosmia
c. cribriform plate
d. olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory epithelium

58
Q

Yoko is playing the piano. She plays a section in which the piece becomes quieter. This means that the _____ of the sound waves is/are getting _____.

Select one:
a. frequency and amplitude; more complex
b. amplitude; lower 
Correct! Well done!
c. decibel; higher
d. frequency; slower
A

amplitude; lower

59
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of “Just Noticeable Differences”?

Select one:

a. The phenomenon in which the minimum possible threshold for sensing a stimuli is identified.
b. The phenomenon in which people become less sensitive to stimuli over the lifespan.
c. The phenomenon in which bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed.
d. The phenomenon in which visual stimuli takes priority in the brain over audio stimuli of the same intensity.

A

The phenomenon in which bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed.

60
Q

a. Taste is a “contact” sense while smell is a “chemical sense”
b. Tastants are pleasant stimuli and odorants are unpleasant stimuli
c. The back of the tongue contains receptors for bitter taste so that we can spit out potentially poisonous food
d. All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste

A

All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste

61
Q

____________ are specialized cells that convert light into electrical signals.

Select one:

a. Ventral and Dorsal pathways
b. Retinas
c. Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones
d. Photoreceptors, such as agnosia and prosopagnosia

A

Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones

62
Q

Which of the following is the major difference between light and dark adaptation?

Select one:

a. Dark adaptation happens almost instantly while light adaptation occurs over the course of several minutes.
b. Dark adaptations happens when rods are bleached and need time to replenish.
c. Dark adaptations happens when cones are bleached and need time to replenish.
d. Dark adaptation happens in black and white while light adaptation happens across the full range of color.

A

Dark adaptations happens when rods are bleached and need time to replenish.

63
Q

When Siobhan witnesses a car accident she senses both the sight of it and the loud sound of it. These combine to create her perception and this is an example of _____________.

Select one:

a. Inverse effectiveness
b. Sensory interference
c. Synesthesia
d. Multimodal perception

A

Multimodal perception

64
Q

When you look at this piece of toast, you are engaging mainly in the process of _____; when you begin to see a face on this toast, you are engaging in the process of ______.

Select one:

a. sensing; perceiving
b. passive observation; active observation
c. noticing; imagining
d. perceiving; sensing

A

sensing; perceiving

175102 Psychological Science (6 decks)

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