Senses Flashcards
(153 cards)
0
Q
What does Capsaicin cause?
A
A burning sensation
1
Q
What is Capsaicin?
A
A chemical in peppers That make them hot
2
Q
What is capsaicin used in?
A
Pepper sprays anti-lick and chew preparations squirrel deterrents
3
Q
Is capsaicin illegal in the equestrian sports?
A
Yes
4
Q
Why is capsaicin Illegal to use any questions sports
A
It causes hyper sensitivity and has analgesic effect
5
Q
What is hypersensitivity? Pertaining to capsaicin
A
Sensitivity above normal limits due to your irritants out on skin
6
Q
What is hypo sensitivity? Pertaining capsaicin
A
Sensitivity below normal limits
Neuroectomy, nerve block
7
Q
How does capsaicin cause a burning sensation?
A
Capsaicin binds Ca++ channels on pain and heat sensing neurons causing a premature depolarization.
8
Q
What can captains trigger and cause?
A
An inflammatory response which can cause tissue damage
9
Q
What it does prelonged exposure to Capsaicin cause pertaining to topical analgesic
A
Will cause desensitization: neurotransmitters become depleted and retreat back into dermis.
10
Q
What are the 4 types of stimuli?
A
Mechanical
Thermal
Electromagnetic
Chemical
11
Q
Give an example of mechanical stimuli
A
Touch hearing and balance
12
Q
Gave an example of thermal stimuli
A
Hot and cold
13
Q
Gave an example of electromagnetic stimuli
A
Vision
14
Q
Gave an example of chemical stimuli
A
Taste and smell
15
Q
What are sensory receptors
A
They are modified afferent neuron ending dendrites
16
Q
How are sensory receptors depolarized by stimuli
A
When the sensory info sent to specific regions of the brain for interpretation
17
Q
What is the receptor type for a mechanical stimulus?
A
Mechanoreceptor
18
Q
What is the receptor type for a thermal stimulus?
A
Thermoreceptor
19
Q
What is the receptor type for an electromagnetic stimulus
A
Photoreceptors
20
Q
What is the receptor type for a mechanical stimulus
A
Chemoreceptor
21
Q
What is pruritis?
A
Itchiness
22
Q
How is puritis this sensed by the body
A
Sensation mediated by free nerve endings in dermis
23
Q
Chemically what is going on during puritis?
A
Chemoreceptors bind histamine a, released during inflammatory response
24
What are nociceptors
Receptors as pain
25
What are endorphins
Inhibitory neurotransmitters released by CNS that blocking neurotransmitters released by nociceptors
26
A type of natural opiate
Endorphins
27
What are opiates
Large class of drugs mainly synthetic "narcotics"
28
Where are narcotics used
Pain management
29
How are narcotics used
As a sedative or general anesthetic
30
What are opiate antagonists
They reversed the action of an opiate
31
What is anesthesia
Complete loss of sensation
32
What are the two types of anesthesias
General anesthesia and the local anesthesia
33
What is general anesthesia
Complete loss of sensory perception and consciousness
34
How is general anesthesia induced
Through injection or inhalation
35
How is the patient during general anesthesia
Patient is a mobile in a controlled sleep does not feel pain
36
What is local anesthesia
Loss of sensation from a particular area
37
How is local anesthesia achieved
Sensory nerve fibers are blocked from depolarization
38
How is the patient during local anesthesia
Patient is conscious
39
Give examples of local anesthesia
Lidocaine and Novacaine
40
What is analgesia
Perception of pain is lessened but not completely gone it is often used to reduce severe pain
41
Why give analgesics before surgery
Impulses are being built up and can make post operative pain greater than what it would be without anesthesia
42
What are hair follicle receptors
Free nerve endings wrapped around e of hair follicle in hairyskin
43
Where are meissners corpuscles?
In papillary layer of dermis
44
Where are pacifism corpuscles found?
Located deep in the dermis, they perceive deep pressure
45
Which senses are meissner and pacinian corpuscles related to?
Touch and pressure
46
What are visceral sensations
Internal body sensations
47
How is Thurst and hunger detected?
They are detected by chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus and is interpreted as sensation for thist and hunger
48
How are stretching of the hollow organs detected and by what
They are detected by Machanoreceptors and Are perceived as pain
49
What do superficial thermal receptors detect
Changes in skin temperature
50
What kind of nerve endings are associated with cold and hot
Free nerve endings
51
Where are free nerve endings associated with cold
Superficial Dermis
| Papillary layer
52
where are free nerve endings associated with heat
Deeper dermis
| Reticular layer
53
What do thermoreceptor's do when heat or cold is outside of their ranges
Thermal receptors activate nociceptors and are perceived as pain
54
What do thermoreceptor and hypothalamus monitor
Internal body temperature
55
How do thermal receptors in the hypothalamus monitor internal body temperature
CN S sends motor responses for thermoregulation example (shivering sweating and panting ) to correct conditions of hypothermia or hyperthermia
56
What does general anesthetics do to thermo receptors in the hypothalamus
They block thermoreceptors
57
What are patients unable to detect under general anesthesia
They are unable to detect falling body temperature and to thermal regulate example shiver
58
What happens to the metabolism under general anesthetics
The metabolism occurs more slowly at lower temperatures
59
What is thermal imaging used to detect
Abnormal thermal pattern
60
What is proprioception
Sense of body position and movement
61
What are proprioceptors
They are stretched Mechanoreceptors located in synovial joint capsules, tendons and ligaments and muscles
62
where are proprioception test found
Neurological exams
63
What do motor responses do
Keeps animal and balance and allows coordination of muscles
64
Where are nociceptors located
Everywhere but in the brain
they are the most widely distributed sensory receptor
65
What do nociceptors protect the body from
Extreme stimuli
66
what are the five types of pain
```
Acute
Chronic
Superficial
Deep
Visceral
```
67
What is acute pain?
Sharp and intense and is short-term
68
What is chronic pain
Dull/ aching and is long-term
69
What is deep pain
Muscles joints and bones
70
What is visceral pain
Internal organs
71
What is pain threshold
Amount of stimuli that will trigger an action potential
All or none principal
72
What is pain tolerance
It is a function of the cerebral cortex perception of pain.
There are some genetic components
73
What is referred pain
It is where visceral and superficial and nociceptors sometimes travel along the same sensory nerves
74
What is pain from one area that is being perceived to be coming from another
Referred pain
example individuals experiencing a heart attack feel pain radiating along medial part of left arm
75
What are the five special senses
Taste smell hearing equilibrium and vision
76
What are sense organs
They are extensions of the CNS and are all located in the head
77
What is gustation
Taste
78
Pertaining to gustatory sense where are chemoreceptors located
They are located in taste buds of the time in some mucous membranes of the mouse the pharynx and the epiglottis
79
Pertaining to gustatory sense how are chemicals dissolved
In the saliva which is fine to make Rosaline of gustatory cells which are wrapped by a dendrite of the sensory neuron
80
What are the five different tastes
Sweet sour salty bitter and umami
81
Taste receptors have different thresholds that require what
A lot are a few chemicals to bind
82
To taste receptors adapt rapidly. Partially at?
| Fully at?
Partially at 3 to 5 seconds
Fully at 1 to 3 minutes
83
Which plants have a bitter taste
Toxic plants
84
What kind of plant is toxic to cattle and horses and it's fresh and dried form
Milkweed
85
Papillea cats tongue are composed of what
And form what
Keratin
Forming a backwards facing barbs
86
What is a cats tongue used for?
```
Grooming
Wound cleaning
Evaporative cooling
Drinking
Cleaning up after a kill
```
87
Rough tongues can cause which problems
Hairballs
| Strings caught in the barbs
88
Where are chemoreceptors of olfactory cells located
In mucous membrane of nasal cavities
89
What do chemicals dissolve in and buying to in olfactory sense
Bind to mucus and buying to cilia
90
Neurons that's a nap with other sensory neurons in olfactory bulb form what
Olfactory nerve
91
What are pheromones
Species specific chemicals released to trigger a social response
Example-aggression alarm trails territory and sexual
92
Pheromones have
Chemoreceptors
93
Male pigs release an androsterone in their saliva which causes sexually receptive sows to exhibit what?
Lordosis behavior
94
What is lordosis behavior?
Back end of the female is up front end is down
95
What product is used by pig farmers to determine which Sows ready to breed artificially
Boarmate
96
Feline facial pheromones Mark what areas
Safe areas
97
Dog appeasing pheromone is released bye
Nursing dog soon after giving birth to puppy
98
Pheromone therapy?
Synthetic pheromones that are used for cats and dogs to reduce bad behaviors
99
Which organ is used to detect pheromones
VomerOnasal
100
What is associated with the vomeronasal organ
Flehmen response
101
That ear is divided into three physical areas
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
102
What is the function of the external ear
Collects and funnels waves to eardrum
103
What is the function of the middle ear
Amplifies and transmits vibrations to inner ear
104
What is the function of the inner ear
Sensory receptors Convert vibration into nerve impulses
also has receptors for equilibrium
105
Where is the Pinna located
External ear
106
What is the Pinna composed of
Elastic cartilage and skin
107
What is the function of the pinna
Collect soundwaves and finals them into the external auditory canal
108
What kind of muscles does the Pinna have and what are they used for
Voluntary muscles
Used to move years for better sound reception
109
What is the external auditory canal
L shaped tube carries sound waves from Pinna to tympatic membrane
110
What is the tympatic membrane
Eardrum
111
What is the tympatic membrane?
Membrane that separates the external and the middle ear
112
What is the Tympatic membrane composed of
Connective tissue
113
Vibrate at the same frequency as waves that strike it
Tympatic membrane
114
What is a hematoma
Rupture of blood vessels that cause blood to accumulate between the cartilage and skin
115
Why does the pinnae get hematomas
Because it is highly vascularized
116
What are hematomas caused by?
Animals vigorously shaking their heads
117
Untreated hematoma will result in
Cauliflower ear
118
What is otitis externa
Inflammation of external auditory canal
119
What is otitis externa due to
Mites
Bacterial infection
Yeast infection
120
What signs are associated with the inflammation of the external auditory canal
Moist swollen and has a strong odor
Pat will shake head and scratch at ears
121
Which dogs is inflammation of the external auditory canal most common in and why
Floppy eared dogs
Poor air circulation
122
What is the middle ear
Amy mucous membranes cavity within Temporal bone.
Fills with air
Contains ossicles.
123
What are ossicles
Three small bones that link the tympanic membrane to the cochlea in inner ear
124
Where is the eustachian tube. What does it do
Opening begins in the middle ear leads to pharynx
Helps equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic
125
Which structures contribution to hearing and equilibrium
Cochlea
126
What is the cochlea
It is a snail shaped organ
Contains three fluid filled canals
127
In the cochlea where mechanical scepters found
Within the middle canal is the organ of court I
128
What is equilibrium
Position of body in space
129
What does equilibrium do
Helps animal maintain balance by keeping track of position of body
130
Pertaining to equilibrium where are Machanoteceptors receptors located in the inner ear
Vestibule
| Semicircular canals
131
Where is the vestibule located
It is a chamber located between the cochlea and the semicircle canals
132
What does the vestibule contain
Macula
133
Where are the semicircular CanalS
Inner ear
134
What are the semicircular canals
Three fluid filled the tubes positioned at right angles to each other
135
What does this semicircular canals respond to
| Which type of movement
Rotational movements
136
What is motion sickness
Disagreement between visual perceive motion and motion detected by vestibule
137
What are the main organs of vision
Eyeballing optic nerve 2
138
Where the accessory structures of the eyeball
Eyelids nictitating membrane eyelashes lacrimal apparatus
139
What the three layers of the eye
Fibrous: Scalera and cornea
Vascular: choroid coat
Nervous: retina
140
The lenses separate into what 2 fluid filled regions
Aqueous compartment
Vitreous compartment
141
What is the sclera
Tough, white layer
142
What is the cornea?
Transparent window into the Eye
143
What is ulcerative keratitis
Corneal ulcers
144
What causes ulcerative keratitis
Trauma foreign bodies the herpes virus and cats and chemicals
145
What are the symptoms of ulcerative keratitis
It's painful there is squinting tearing and rubbing of the eye
146
How is ulcerative keratitis diagnosed
Fluorescent dye
147
What is given to treat ulcerative kataritis
Topical ointment to relieve pain and antibiotics. If infected
148
What is the iris
Color part of eye
149
What is the pupil
Hole in the center of the eye
150
What is corpora Negra
Brown masses in horses ruminants of the I
151
What is the retina
A thin and delicate membrane lining the back of the eye
152
Light passes through the retina to stimulate what
Photoreceptors
