Senses Flashcards
1
Q
Caused by irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens
Corrected by a lens that rotates the axis of the light going into the eye
A
Astigmatism
2
Q
A patient is complaining of ear pain. Using an otoscope you observe that the tympanic membrane is inflammed with opaque fluid build up. You assume a bacterial ear infection. How did the bacteria most likely get there?
A
Eustacian tube
3
Q
What papillae on the tongue are not taste buds?
A
filiform papillae
4
Q
Dilation of the pupil is
A
Mydriasis
5
Q
What impulses to the cerebellum are not consciously percieved.
A
Posture, Balance, and Coordination of skilled movements
6
Q
The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. What are they?
A
Motor areas, Sensory areas, and Association areas
7
Q
Loss of transparency of the eye is called
A
Cataract
8
Q
New blood vessels form in the choroid and leak plasma or blood under the retina.
A
Wet age-related macular disease
9
Q
Receptor locations:
Near the body surface?
In blood vessels and visceral organs?
In muscles, tendons, and joints?
A
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors
10
Q
The only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus are?
A
Olfactory sensations
11
Q
Receptor structure and location:
Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin.
A
Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)
12
Q
The Stapedius muscle dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises. What nerve innervates it?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII)
13
Q
Vitreous body is made up of what?
A
Water, Hyaluronic acid, and Collagen
14
Q
Odors that cause an emotion/memory project where?
A
limbic system and the hypothalamus
15
Q
Deafness due to damage or disease of the sensorineural pathway (hair cells, cochlear branch of CN VIII)
is called
A
Sensorineural deafness
16
Q
Taste buds are mostly found on the tongue, but some are also found where?
A
Soft palate, Pharynx, and Epiglottis
17
Q
When the eyeball is too short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens.
Image would be focused behind the retina
Corrected by convex lens
A
Hyperopia
18
Q
What nerve is responsible for sensation from the throat and epiglottis?
A
Vagus nerve (CN X)
19
Q
Loss of elasticity of the lens with age, and the accompanying results, is called?
A
presbyopia
20
Q
Small generator potentials may not what?
A
generate an action potential
21
Q
Cold is included in what sense modality?
A
Thermal
22
Q
What nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior third of the tongue?
A
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
23
Q
These conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus.
A
Second-order neurons
24
Q
Abnormal condition where movements are jerky and uncoordinated?
A
Ataxia
25
Curved transparent coat that covers the iris, and focuses light is?
Cornea
26
What taste threshold is the lowest?
Bitter substances
27
Inflammation or infection of the cornea is
Keratitis
28
Stimuli from the face, mouth, teeth, and eyes propagate along what nerves into the brain stem?
Cranial nerves
29
Precise localization of somatic sensations occurs when nerve impulses arrive at the what?
Primary somatosensory cortex
30
Examples of tactile sensations are?
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
31
Inflamation of the eyelid is
Blepharitis
32
Consists of bone and cartilage
also called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube
33
What muscles move the eye medially and laterally?
Medial rectus and Lateral rectus
34
Highly vascular
Lines most of the internal surface of the sclera
Provides nutrients to the posterior portion of the sclera
Choroid
35
The external ear is seperated from the middle ear by what?
Eardrum
36
Reduced tension of suspensory ligaments allows the lens to take a more spherical shape to use near vision is called?
Accommodation
37
Loss of vision in a normal eye from lack of or poor transmission of visual stimulation during early childhood, or from strabismus, anisometropia, cataract, trauma, ect.
Sometimes called lazy eye
Amblyopia
38
Odorants stimulate what?
Olfactory hairs
39
Endolymph has a large amount of potassium ions. Where is it found?
Membranous labyrinth
40
The angles of the eye are called?
commissures
41
Consists of processes that secrete aqueous humor, and muscles that alter the shape of the lens.
Ciliary body
42
Accessory structures of the eye are? (5)
Eyelids (palpebra)
Eyelashes
Eyebrows
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
43
* Semicircular canals
* Vestibule
* Cochlea
Make up what?
Bony labyrinth
44
What structures in the ear are associated with equilibrium?
Saccule
Utricle
Semicircular ducts
45
Turning outward of the eyes is
Exotropia
46
What structure removes tears from the eye?
superior and inferior Lacrimal canals
47
The smallest skeletal muscle in the body is?
Stapedius muscle
48
The sounds produced by the cochlea that are usually inaudible, but can be amplified by a sensitive microphone next to the eardrum.
Caused by vibrations of the outer hair cells in response to signals from motor neurons and sound waves.
Are called?
Otoacoustic emissions
49
Sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous layer, in mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear are?
Somatic sensations
50
Receptor structure and location:
Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin.
Hair root plexuses
51
What carries tears from the gland into the eye?
Excretory lacrimal duct
52
Receptor type that senses:
physical or chemical damage to tissue (pain)
Nociceptors
53
These conduct impulses from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord.
First order neurons
54
Special sensory receptor cells for certain special senses synapse with first order neurons that are used for hearing, equilibrium, photoreceptors (retina), and gustatory receptors (taste buds).
They are called?
Seperate cells
55
What prevents damage to the eardrum?
Tensor tympani muscle
56
The superior oblique muscle normally causes what eye movement?
Down/Out
57
Hertz is used to measure what?
Frequency
58
Deafness caused by the impairment of mechanisms in the external and middle ear. Sometimes from impacted cerumen, eardrum injury, stiffening of the joints of auditory ossicles.
Is called?
Conduction deafness
59
Receptor type that senses:
osmotic pressure of body fluids
Osmoreceptors
60
The inferior oblique normally causes what eye movement?
Up/Out
61
What muscles move the eye in a plane? (mostly)
Rectus muscles
62
When the eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea
The image is focused in front of the retina
corrected by a concave lens
Myopia
63
What eye muscles preserve the rotational stability of the eye?
Oblique muscles
64
Dr. Vanhammot is trying to type, and his hands won't stop shaking. This could be what?
Intention tremor
65
Lacrimal fluid contains what?
water, salts, mucus, and lysozyme
66
The middle ear is seperated from the inner ear by what?
The oval window and the round window
67
Sensations of the face, mouth, and teeth travel along what pathway?
Trigeminothalamic pathway
68
Instrument used to measure intraocular pressure
Tonometer
69
Sits behind the pupil, and consists of proteins called crystallins that are arranged like the layers of an onion and enclosed in a capsule.
It is transparent and lacks blood vessels, and is the variably refractive medium of the eye
Lens
70
Area of reduced or lost vision in the visual field is
Scotoma
71
Gustation produces what type of potential?
Receptor
72
Functions of the palpebrae are?
Shade eyes during sleep
Protection
Spread lubrication secretions
73
Cranial nerve VII (facial) is responsible for sensation of what portion of taste?
anterior two-thirds of the tongue
74
Receptor structure and location:
Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites; present in dermis and subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, and some viscera.
Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
75
When the eyes move medially focusing on an object moving closer it is called?
Convergence
76
Special senses include what? (5)
Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium
77
What structure moves tears into the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal ducts
78
The dendrites of free, encapsulated, and olfactory receptors produce what?
Generator potentials
79
The right and left primary auditory areas recieve nerve impulses from both ears. how?
Many auditory axons decussate in the medulla
80
Covers the eye, except for the cornea
Gives shape to the eye
Adds rigidity
Protects the inner parts of the eye
Sclera
81
Equilibrium that is the maintenance of the position of the body (mainly the head) relative to the force of gravity is called?
Primary structure: Otolithic membrane
Static equilibrium
82
Vallate, Fungiform, and Foliate are all types of what?
Taste buds
83
Perilymph is chemically similiar to cerebrospinal fluid. Where is it found?
Bony labyrinth
84
Receptor type that senses:
chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids
Chemoreceptors
85
Area of the eye that contains no rods or cones, and is called the blind spot is?
Optic disc
86
What area regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the the pupil?
the Iris
87
Decussation is associated with what neurons?
Second-order neurons
88
Excessive growth of the subconjuctival tissue that eventually turns the cornea opaque
Serious form of conjunctivitis, and the greatest single cause of blindness in the world caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is?
Trachoma
89
Neurons that conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex are?
Third-order
90
The conscious or subconcious awareness of external or internal stimuli
Sensation
91
The area of the eye with the highest visual acuity is?
Central fovea
92
Axons of the cochlear branch synapse with neurons where?
In the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
93
Age-related macular disease type that is untreatable?
Dry - from degeneration of the pigmented layer
94
Taste, sight, hearing and equilibrium produce receptor potentials that trigger release of neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft. This produces what?
Postsynaptic potential (PSP) in the first-order neuron
95
From the inferior colliculus the auditory nerve impulses convey through the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ nucleus of the thalamus, then to the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ area of the cerebral cortex.
Medial geniculate
Primary auditory
96
High intraocular pressure from the impaired drainage of aqueous humor is
Glaucoma
97
Hyperacusia is associated with the paralysis of the stapedius muscle. What does hyperacusia mean?
Abnormally sensitive hearing
98
Degenerative disorder of the retina and the pigmented layer is called?
Age-related macular disease (AMD)
99
Tumor from immature retinal cells
Retinoblastoma
100
Imbalance in the extrinsic eye muscles resulting in the misalignment of one eye is?
Strabismus
101
Receptor type that senses:
light that strikes the retina
Photoreceptors
102
The Tensor tympani muscle is innervated by what nerve?
The Trigeminal nerve
103
The perception of a sensation may fade or disappear, even though the true magnitude of the stimulus has not changed because of what?
Adaptation
104
Total lack of ability to smell is?
Anosmia
105
When the eye is fully adducted, what muscles move its gaze up and down?
Superior and inferior oblique
106
Vision that enable you to percieve depth is?
Binocular vision
107
Equilibrium that is the maintenance of body position (mainly the head) in response to sudden movements.
Primary structure: cristae (ampullaris of semicircular canals)
Dynamic equilibrium
108
What eye muscles aren't stimulated by CN III?
Lateral rectus CN VI
Superior Oblique CN IV
109
Proprioception is carried to the cerebral cortex by what nerve pathway? What pathway carries proprioception for the lower limb to the cerebellum?
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract
110
Bare dendrites with no structural specialization microscopically that sense pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch are?
Free nerve endings
111
Falling or drooping of the eyelid
Ptosis
112
How does nasal congestion from a cold affect the taste of food? Why?
Taste and smell work together, so because you cannot smell food doesn't taste as good.
113
Olfaction produces what kind of potential?
Generator potential
114
The combination of taste plus odor is?
Flavor
115
Normal conversation is at what amplitude?
60dB
116
Regarding a specific chemical, is gustation or olfaction more sensitive?
Olfaction is more sensitive than taste to the same chemical
117
What carries nerve impulses for:
* Pain, thermal, tickle, and itch sensations
* Some impulses for crude, poorly localized touch and pressure
* Vibration (also carried by posterior column-medial lemniscus)
Spinothalamic pathway
118
What are the modalities of general senses?
Tactile sensations
Thermal sensations
Pain sensations
Proprioceptive sensations
Dynamic sensations
119
Dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that enhances sensitivity/specificity, and senses pressure and vibration (lamellated), and some touch (meisner).
Encapsulated nerve endings
120
Abnormal visual intolerance to light is
photophobia
121
Receptor structure and location:
Saucer-shaped free nerve endings make contact with Merkel cells in epidermis.
Merkel (tactile) discs (type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
122
Contributes to intraocular pressure
Contains phagocytic cells that remove debris and provide an unobstructed view
Jelly like substance
Vitreous body
123
Rapid involuntary movement of the eye is?
Nystagmus
124
What tract deals with proprioceptive information supplied by Golgi tendon organs, for the coordinated movement and posture of the entire lower limb?
Anterior/Ventral spinocerebellar tract
125
The visual pathway from the optic nerve to the primary visual area of the cortex.
Optic nerve\>\> Optic chiasm\>\> Optic tract\>\> Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus\>\> Optic radiations\>\> Primary visual area of the cortex
126
Axons from the cochlear nuclei end in the superior olivary nucleus in the ____ on each side. These then ascend in the lateral lemniscus tracts, and end in the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Pons
Inferior colliculi
127
What helps regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles?
Basal Ganglia
128
The space between the eyelids is called?
palpebral fissure
129
The third, and inner coat of the eyeball
lines the posterior 3/4 of the eyeball
Only place where blood vessels can be viewed directly
Retina
130
Unique type of sensation: touch, pain, vision, hearing
Divided into two classes:
General and Special
Sensory modalities
131
Perception is associated with what part of the brain?
Cerebral cortex
132
The Iris, Choroid, and Ciliary body make up the middle layer of the eye. AKA?
Vascular Tunic
133
a reduced ability to smell is?
hyposmia
134
What equalizes the pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere?
Eustachian tube
135
Major motor pathways concerned with voluntary movement, especially precise or skilled movements are?
Pyramidal tracts
136
What are the three auditory ossicles?
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
137
Receptor type that senses:
changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
138
Some axons from the cochlear nuclei decussate in the medulla and ascend on the opposite side in what? and where do they terminate?
Ascend in the Lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain
139
Receptor type that senses:
Mechanical pressure, touch sensations, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, stretching of blood vessels and internal organs
Mechanoreceptors
140
Constriction of the pupil is called
Miosis
141
When the eye is fully abducted, What muscles move its gaze up and down?
Superior and inferior rectus muscles
142
Fine touch, Stereognosis, Graphesthesia, Proprioception, and Vibratory sensations are all sensations of what?
the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
143
What neurons only carry information from the opposite side of the body?
Third-order neurons
144
What area gives rise to the conscious perception of taste?
The primary gustatory area (in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex)
145
70% of the receptors in the body are located where?
eyes
146
Receptor structure and location:
Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments and tendon.
Ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous)
147
A decrease in the generator potential or receptor potential amplitude when exposed to a stimulus that is applied at a constant level over a reasonably long term is?
Adaptation
148
The axon from the olfactory receptor ends where?
in the olfactory bulb
149
When you smell and taste a pizza you're using what type of senses?
Chemical senses
150
The conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations
Perception
