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Developmental > Sensorimotor Development > Flashcards

Sensorimotor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What cannot be underestimated

A

The importance of sensorimotor skills

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2
Q

What are the stages of development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concerete Operational
Formal operational

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3
Q

What can a child do in the sensorimotor stage

A

Explores the world trough direct sensory and motor contact.

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4
Q

How old is the child in the sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years

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5
Q

What can a child do in the pre-operational stage

A

Child uses symbols to represent objects but does not reason logically

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6
Q

How old is a child in the pre-operationla stage

A

2-6 years

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7
Q

What is the most important stage for sensorimotor development

A

Sensorimotor 0-2 years

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8
Q

What are some sensorimotor skills

A 
Walking
Clumsiness
Hand eye coordianition 
Writing
Reading 
Co-ordination eye contact with speech and gesture during a conversation
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9
Q

What are a range of skills are required for

A

Intact sensorimotor processing

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10
Q

What are the stages of the body interacting with the world

A
  1. Sensory systems
  2. State estimation
  3. Inverse model
  4. Forward model
  5. Motor execution
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11
Q

What stages are used when the body interacts with the world wrongly

A

State estimation

Motor execution

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12
Q

Which two disorders have been suggested to be disorders of sensorimotor development

A

ASD

Developmental Coordination Disorder DCD

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13
Q

What are the pronounced difficulties in ASD

A

Communication
Socialisation
Narrow circumscribed interestsRepetitive Behaviours
Sensory hypersensitivity

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14
Q

What are the pronounced difficulties in DCD

A

Selection, timing and spatial organization of purposeful movement and coordination

Social anxiety, social and communication skills

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15
Q

Why as DCD and ASD linked to sensorimotor development

A

Because both conditions encompass sensory motor difficulties

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16
Q

How did Cassidy et al. 2016 find DCD individuals performed on the AQ

A

Scored higher

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17
Q

Is DCD more prevelant in ASD than in the general population according to Cassidy et al. 2016

A

6.9% MORE LIKLEY

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18
Q

Is DCD assocaited with significantly higher ASD traits

A

Yes higher ASD traits and lower empathy than controls

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19
Q

Are sensorimotor skills important for social skills and empathy

A

Yes

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20
Q

Who found much overlap between ASD and DCD

A

Peik and Dyck 2004

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21
Q

What are both DCD and ASD associate with

A

Difficulties in social and communication skills, and empathy into adulthood

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22
Q

What did Hannant demand between ASD and DCD

A

That those with ASD must be assed for DCD and vice versa

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23
Q

Who first reported general climsiness in ASD

A

Asperger and Kanner

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24
Q

What was found to be unusual in ASD assessment

A

Gait

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25
Q

What percentage of people with ASD have motor difficulties according to Green 2009

A

80%

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26
Q

Who suggested that motor differences are presented from early infancy in those with ASD

A

Flanagan et al. 2010

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27
Q

Motor delays tend to be reported by parents as first area of concern at what age

A

14.7 months according to Chawarska et al. 2017

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28
Q

What areas are motor difficulties associated with

A

Imitation
Speech sound production
Emotion recognition
Anxiety in response to social interaction

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29
Q

What do some of the areas of difficulty lack

A

ASD participants

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30
Q

What is now apart of the DSM criteria for ASD

A

Sensory difficulties

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31
Q

What did early clicinal reports describe

A

sensory intrusions” not being able to disregard irrelevant information and hypersensitivity to sounds, report pain and anxiety

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32
Q

Do the early clinical reports match current findings

A

Yes

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33
Q

What percentage of people with ASD have sensory difficulties

A

65-95%

34
Q

What did Blanche 2012 suggest was another difficulty for those with ASD

A

Proprioceptive impairment i..e knowing how close are to something (determining where body is in space)

35
Q

Increased rates of what disorder have been found in ASD

A

Synaesthesia (where one sensory modality triggers another) experience touch as colours

36
Q

But are there only sensory difficulties in ASD

A

NO

37
Q

Who found evidence of superior visual processing of details

A

Mottron et al. 2006

38
Q

What did Koldeywn et al. 2011 find

A

That those with ASD have difficulties processing motion

39
Q

What do Mottron 2006 and Koldeywn’s work suggest about ASD

A

Intact form perception but deficits in motion processing

40
Q

What are some of the impacts of sensory difficulties

A

Difficulties in social and communication skills

41
Q

What are ASD traits associated with sensory reactivity with

A

Hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli

42
Q

What are sensory difficulties a core feature of

A

ASD and associated with RRBs and anxiety

43
Q

Define RRBs

A

Insistence on sameness and repetitive motor movements

44
Q

Are Sensory and motor difficulties prevalent in autism, and associated with social and communication skills

A

Yes

45
Q

What is poor sensory motor also associated with

A

With increased likelihood of autism diagnosis at 3 years

46
Q

Who suggested that an ASD diagnosis was more likely with sensory motor difficulties

A

Landa 2006

47
Q

What do sensory motor difficulties in ASD appear to be associated with and impact on

A

Anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty

48
Q

How are sensory and motor abilities connected

A

Intrinsically

49
Q

Do children with ASD have greater sensory motor diffcutlies

A

Children with autism have marked
sensory and motor difficulties
compared to those without autism

50
Q

What do sensorimotor skills more strongly predict

A

Social and communication in those with and without ASD

51
Q

What effect does ASD have on eye movements

A

Less accurate when moving eyes to new target

slower to initiate eye movement

52
Q

Who found those with ASD have difficulties coordianting hand and eye movements

A

Glazebrook et al. 2009

53
Q

What could the effects on eye movements explain according to Hannant and Kiln

A

Dealy in looking to pertinent social cues with downstream effects on social communication and ability

54
Q

What illusion can be used to test sensory motor abilties

A

Rubber hand illusion

55
Q

How do ASD children perform on the rubber hand illusion

A

Children with autism less susceptible than typically developing controls
Delayed susceptibility to the illusion (6 minutes)

56
Q

Why is it believed that ASD children are delayed on the Rubber hand illusion

A

Less empathy

57
Q

What does performance on the rubber hand task demonstrate

A

Reduced ability to integrate visual and tactile information

58
Q

How did adults with ASD perform on the rubber hand task

A

Less sensitive to visual tactile discrepancies

Less proprioceptive drift to the rubber hand than controls

59
Q

What have ASD children been found to have difficulty incorporating

A

Visual information into motor learning

60
Q

How did children with ASD perform with a visual distractor in Dowd 2012

A

Presence of a visual distractor did not impact performance of children with autism like with typical controls

61
Q

Those with ASD are significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback according to who

A

Gepner and Mestre 2002

62
Q

What do ASD have specific difficulties with in sensory motor

A

Significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback

63
Q

Who conducted a study into sesnorimotor integration in ASD

A

Salowitz 2013

64
Q

What do those with ADS not tend to incorporate

A

Other sensory inputs, particularly visual feedback, into motor learning

65
Q

What do those with ASD have difficult coordinating

A

Visual and motor movements

66
Q

What do these sensory motor difficulties in those with ASD suggest

A

Difficulty incorporating sensory feedback into model

67
Q

What does the sensory motor difficulties cause

A

Impaired forward model, lacking accuracy and flexibility

68
Q

How do ASD use the forward model

A

People with autism can learn new motor skills, and modify the forward model, but it takes longer

69
Q

Does sensory motor and modification of the forward model appear to improve with time

A

Yes

70
Q

What area of the brain has been suggested to be a biological basis for these difficulties

A

Cerebellum

71
Q

Why is the cerebellum believed to play a role

A

Saccadic accuracy has been connected to error-reducing function of the cerebellum (Schmitt et al. 2014)
Cerebellum volume associated with difficulties incorporating visual cues in motor learning (Marko et al. 2015)

72
Q

What is the cerebellum linked to

A

Pathways that link sensory and motor pathways in the brain

73
Q

Who found abnormalities in ASD cerebellums

A

McAlonan 2002

74
Q

What level of activation do ASD have in the cerebellum during motor tasks

A

Decreased

75
Q

Where does sensory toro integration occur

A

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum

76
Q

What level of GABA synthesis do those with ASD have compare to NT

A

Ineffeicent

77
Q

What are the impact of sensorimotor difficulties in ASD

A

Difficulties with: accuracy, speed, and initiation of eye movements;
coordination of eye and body movements;
integrating visual and tactile information
integrating visual information into motor learning, with increased reliance on proprioceptionsocial learning opportunities - social skills
social imitation
looking quickly to socially pertinent cues
coordination of gesture eye contact and speech
Repetitive motor mannerisms, insistence on sameness, stereotypies

78
Q

What can ASD adults benefit from

A

Therapy to treat mental health difficulties such as anxiety, but it takes much longer

79
Q

What is a direct cause of these difficutlies

A

Increased prevalence of anxiety

80
Q

What do sensorimotor difficulties also explain

A

Development and maintenance of ASD

Developmental (10 decks)

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