sensory and perception Flashcards
(51 cards)
Sensation:
sensory signals reaching the detectors in our bodies, reaching our brain (light waves hitting retina, sound waves hitting eardrum)
Perception:
process by which the brain selects, organizes, and interprets the sensory information that it receives from the sense organs
What we perceive is not sometimes what our body sense
Our brain is sometimes interpreting the stimulus that is not what it actually is
Prior experience has impact on perception-> cultural experience should matter too
Reliable differences in:
Susceptibility to optical illusions
Pictorial depth perception
Object vs.field focus
Susceptibility to optical illusions
Optical illusions reflect different aspects of physical environment
Differences in physical environment-> differences in susceptibility
Ie : carpentered world hypothesis
Horizontal-vertical illusion:
For many people, vertical line looks longer than horizontal line
Foreshortening hypothesis:
Higher susceptibility to horizontal-vertical illusion for people who reside in more “open environment”
For people in open environments they recognize that when vertical line extends into horizon, it doesn’t end it keeps going
When you see vertical line going further away, you assume that it goes further away, so you add length to it in your head, even though there is no more length
depth cues
1)relative size of objects
2)object superimposition
3)vertical position
4)linear perspective
5)texture gradient
1)The relative size of objects
Objects that are closer to us are bigger than objects further away
2)object superimposition
Objects that are closer to us is superimposed onto the object that’s farther away from us, covering the object
The person covering is closer to us than the person being covered
3)vertical position
Objects that are higher up on a 2-D medium, we tend to perceive as being further away from us
4)linear perspective
When you have 2 parallel lines and put them on a 2-d medium, they recede into a vanishing point into the distance to show depth
Linear perspective is the view of viewer
Vanishing point used to draw your attention to something
5)a texture gradient
There is more detail when something is closer to us and the texture becomes grainer when something becomes further and further away from us
Western education’s promotion of sensitivity to depth cues becomes at a young age kids are taught to draw drawings that show a lot of depth cues
one way to test western promotion of depth cues
Seeing how quickly people interpret the “impossible figure” (ie: two prong trident: there are 3 prongs but visually it only looks like theres 2)
impossible figure results of the 3 prongs
Exposure to western education have more difficulty interpreting impossible figure
~~It requires much more time copying the figure
Non western people see this image as just curves and lines not so much depth, so they are able to copy the image more quickly with fewer errors
Differences across cultural environments not just seen in isolated examples
differences in perspective on 2-d medium
one point perspective and oblique perspective
One point perspective
Everything goes into one vanishing point
Oblique perspective(not in perspective):
everything drawn in parallel lines
horizons:
Cultural differences in where horizon is placed (some cultures have clear horizon, some cultures don’t)
Focus on “object” vs “field”
People from different cultural environments tend to differ on focusing on focal object vs. the field around the focal object (ie: rod and frame task)
Holistic thinking
Perceive scenes and situations as integrated whole, paying more attention to the context
Tend to exhibit more field dependence: tendency to attend to the context that surrounds focal object and relationships among objects in the environment
Exhibited in people in collectivism/interdependence
Analytic thinking
Perceive objects focusing on specific elements rather than contexts, and use fixed abstract rules to explain and predict behavior
Field independence: tendency to separate focal object from its environment and attend to attributes of the focal object
Exhibited in individualism/independence
Researchers went to museums around the world and measured how high up horizons are from the bottom
european/western paintings: Horizons don’t go up more than one third from bottom
East asian painting: horizons are more than half way up the painting
european/western drawings: the horizon around 56.37% up from painting
East asian drawing:horizon up 67.16% from painting
Art pieces drawn by children:
Conclusion: cross cultural differences are more exaggerated for professional painting, but not so much across everyday folks, but there is still a difference seen
Higher horizons
more space to show relations and connects between more objects
More indicative of holistic thinkers
~~Attribution, dialecticism, categorization
