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Sensory and Perception Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receives and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

A

Perception

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3
Q

Stimulus is received through receptors-> Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (also called Transduction) -> Feature detectors analyze stimulus features -> Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation -> neural representation is compared to previously stored info in the brain -> matching process results in recognition and interpretation of stimuli

A

Process of Sensation (Stimulation) to Perception (Interpretation)

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4
Q

Sensory analysis that beings @ entry level, No expectation

A

Bottom Up Processing

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5
Q

Information processing guided by high level mental processes. We filter information through experience and expectation to create a perception.

A

Top Down Processing

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6
Q

Transformation of stimuli into neural impulses recognized by the brain.

A

Transduction

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7
Q

Does transduction include conversion between two energy forms?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Sight, Smell, Sound, Taste, Touch can be effected by transduction regarding sensation and perception?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. (ie. seeing a light far away in the dark, slightest touch) is the…

A

Absolute Threshold

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10
Q

Input below the Absolute Threshold for conscious awareness is called…

A

Subliminal Stimulation

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11
Q

Minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli, half the time. Experience as a noticeable difference between two different levels of one stimuli.

A

Difference Threshold

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12
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

A

Sensory Adaptation

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13
Q

Mental tendencies and assumptions that affect (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel and see is…

A

Our Perceptual Set

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14
Q

What determines our perceptual set?

A

Schemas organize and interpret unfamiliar information through experience, while pre-existing schemas influence top-down processing of ambiguous sensation interpretation.

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15
Q

Motivation and Emotion can influence Perceptions by…

A

Effecting how we perceive certain situations dependant on our state of mind. (If you are tired, a walking distance may be perceived as farther away, a hill can look steeper)

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16
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of the wave to the next peak. (Vertical)

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17
Q

Intensity (Amplitude)

A

Determines amount of energy in a wave. Influences what we perceive as bright or loud. Determined by that amplitude of the wave.

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18
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of colour that is determined by the wave length of light. Hue is the name of the colour.

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19
Q

Light Energy

A

Type of stimulus. We perceive a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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20
Q

What portion of light energy can we perceive. (in nm)

A

700nm - 400nm

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21
Q

The portion of the eye through which light passes (to the pupil and lens)

A

The Cornea

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22
Q

The Pupil is…

A

a small adjustable opening through which the light then passes

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23
Q

The Iris is….

A

A coloured muscle surrounding the pupil that controls its size

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24
Q

Focuses incoming light rays onto an image on the retina

A

The Lens

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25
After entering the eye and being focused by a lens...
Light energy particles strike the eye's inner surface, the retina.
26
_______ contains receptors: rods and cones.
The Retina
27
_______ has layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
The Retina
28
Accommodation is...
The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
29
Retinal Processing
Light-energy particles trigger chemical reactions in receptor cells.
30
Retinal receptors that detect black, white and grey are...
Rods
31
Retinal receptors that are sensitive to movement are...
Rods
32
Rods are...
necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones don't respond)
33
Which receptor is concentrated near the center of the retina?
Cones
34
Cones...
Function in daylight or well-lit conditions, they also detect fine detail and colour
35
Ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the thalamus, where they synapse with neurons which run to the visual cortex is?
The pathway from the eyes to the visual cortex.
36
Retina's red, green and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different colour stimuli is the definition of what theory?
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
37
Opponent-Process Theory is?
After the retinal processing finishes with Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the cones responses are processed by opponent-process cells.
38
Specialized nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement are?
Feature Detectors
39
These cells receive information from the ganglion cells in the retina.
Feature Detectors
40
These cells pass information from the retina to other cortical areas where teams of cells (supercell clusters) respond to more complex patterns.
Feature Detectors
41
The brain delegating the work of processing motion, form, depth and colour to different areas is the definition of?
Parallel Processing - > After taking a scene apart, the brain integrates these sub-dimensions into a perceived image.
42
An organized whole is called a ______ regarding perceptual organization?
Gestalt
43
Gestalt psychologists propose principles used to organize sensations into?
Meaningful wholes
44
In perception, the gestalt whole can exceed.....
The sum of its parts
45
Incoming information is filtered to...
construct perceptions.
46
Neckers Cube is an example of ______, peoples tendency to organize pieces of information into an organized.
Visual Organization
47
Regarding form perception, the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) is called?
Figure-Ground Perception
48
Grouping, the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups includes...
Proximity, Continuity, Closure, Similarity
49
Proximity, regarding grouping, is ?
the tendency to group nearby figures together
50
Continuity, regarding grouping is?
Perceiving smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones
51
Closure, regarding grouping is?
Filling in gaps to create a complete, whole object
52
Represents the ability to see objects in three dimension, although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional is?
Depth Perception
53
Depth perception
Allows us to judge distance
54
Depth perception
IS present, at least in part, at birth in humans and other animals
55
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960) thought of the "visual cliff" hypothesis which was a test on early 3-D perception, it proved that.
Most infants refuse to crawl across the visual cliff; crawling, no matter what, seems to increase an infants fear of heights.
56
Binocular Cues
Two eyes help perception of depth
57
Retinal Disparity is
the brain comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, calculating distance in the process. Used by 3D film makers.
58
Depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone are called?
Monocular Cues
59
Relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion are all
Monocular Cues
60
Object being perceived as unchanging (having consistent colour, brightness, shape, and size), even as illumination and retinal images change is called?
Perceptual constancy
61
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent colour, even if changing illumination alters the wavelength reflected by the objects is called the?
Colour constancy
62
__________ constancy, similarly to the colour constancy, depends on context.
Brightness constancy
63
Perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant even when our retinas receive changing images of them is the?
Shape constancy
64
Perception of objects as having constant size even when distance from them varies is the?
Size constancy
65
Incorrect perceptions that provide information about perceptual processes (eg. converging lines disrupt size constancy) are called?
Illusions
66
_______ compress and expand air molecules that create brief pressure changes that can be detected by the ear.
Sound waves (environment to the brain)
67
Amplitude of sound waves determines?
Intensity (loudness)
68
Length of sound waves determine?
Frequency (The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time eg. per second) and Pitch (a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency)
69
_____ is measured in decibels (dB)
Sound
70
Short wavelength means?
High Frequency (pitched) sounds, blue colours
71
Long wavelength means?
Low frequency (pitched) sounds, red colours
72
Great amplitudes means?
Loud Sounds, Bright Colours
73
Small amplitudes means?
Soft Sounds, Dull Colours
74
_____ are bands of compressed and expanded air?
Sound Waves
75
The human ear detects ______, then transform them into neural impulses
Sound Waves
76
Sound waves strike the __ ___, causing it to vibrate
Ear Drum
77
The cochlea is
A coiled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear.
78
Tiny bones pick up vibrations in the ear drum and transmit them to the _____?
Cochlea
79
Ripples in the fluid of the cochlea bend the _____ lining the surface, which triggers impulses in nerve cells.
Hair cells
80
Axons from these nerve cells transmit a signal to the _____ ?
Auditory cortex.
81
The brain interprets loudness from the number of activated receptors - soft tones activate fewer hair cells is your brain?
Responding to loud and soft sounds.
82
Theory that links the pitch heard with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated (best explains high pitches)
Place Theory in Hearing
83
Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling its pitch to be sensed. (best explains low pitches)
Frequency Theory (temporal theory) in Hearing
84
Combination of what two theories explain pitches in the intermediate range?
Place Theory (High Pitches) and Temporal Theory (Low Pitches)
85
Why are two ears better than one?
Helps to locate sound (sound waves strike one ear before the other, allowing brains computation of location)
86
Learning, expectation and perceptual bias all effect taste, which?
Involves several basic functions, including survival function.
87
Sweet taste indicates
energy source
88
Salty taste indicates
sodium essential to physiological processes
89
Sour taste indicates
Potentially toxic acid
90
Bitter taste indicates
Potential poisons
91
Umami taste indicates
Proteins to grow and repair tissues
92
Inside each little bump on the top and sides of the tongue are ___ taste buds
200+
93
Each bud contains a pore with __-__ taste receptors
50-100
94
Each kind of receptor reacts to different types of food molecules and
sends messages to the brain.
95
Olfaction is
the experience of smell
96
Like taste, smell is a
chemical sense
97
Olfactory receptor cells are in the ________ in the nose
olfactory bulb
98
A combination of several ________ stimulate different receptors to detect them
odor molecules
99
The olfactory cortex processes
patterns in smell
100
Information from taste buds travels to an area between the
frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
101
Information from taste buds registers in an area not far from where the brain
receives info from our sense of smell, which interacts with taste
102
Humans have how many olfactory receptors?
20 million
103
The brain's circuitry for smell also connects with areas involved in?
Memory storage, which helps explain why a smell can trigger a memory

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