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Test 4 Histology > Sensory-- only what he said would be on the test > Flashcards

Sensory-- only what he said would be on the test Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Eye Layers

A
  1. Outer- fibrous
  2. Middle=vascular= UVEAL
  3. inner= retinal
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2
Q

Outer layer of eye

A

fibrous =2 parts

cornea and sclera

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3
Q

Middle layer of eye

A

vascular= 3 parts

iris, ciliary body and choroid

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4
Q

Inner layer of eye

A

Retinal= 2 layers
outer retinal pigmented epithelium= RPE
Inner neural layer

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5
Q

Chambers of eye

A

3
anterior = between cornea and iris
posterior= between iris and lens
vitreous cavity= lens to retina

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6
Q

Conjunctiva

A

covers exposed part of eye and is continuous with eyelid conjunctiva

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7
Q

Cornea properties (# of layers, shape, function, blood supply)

A
  • 5 layers
  • transparent, convex shaped (aids in light focus on retina)
  • AVASCULAR= NO REJECTION WHEN TRANSPLANTED
  • Central cornea= nutrients from aqueous humor
  • peripheral cornea= limbus vessel
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8
Q

layer of cornea`

A
  1. epithelial
  2. bowmans
  3. stroma
  4. Decemets membrane***
  5. corneal endothelium **
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9
Q

Cornea layers-outermost

A

Epithelial layer=
Non ker strat sq, microvilli
pain receptors (trigeminal n)
Can regenerate

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10
Q

2nd layer of cornea

A

Bowmans= membrane

type I collagen, no regeneration, part of stroma

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11
Q

3rd layer of conrea

A

stroma

Lattice of type I and V collagen with ECM rich in chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

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12
Q

4th layer of cornea**

important from class

A

Decemet’s membrane

Thick basement membrane (type VII collagen) made by corneal endothelium

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13
Q

5th layer of cornea***

important from class

A

Endothelial layer
impermeable to prevent leakage.
produces decemets membrane

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14
Q

Sclera- function, characteristics

A

(part of outer fibrous layer of eye)
Opaque, dense CT for protection and structural support.
Insertion point for extraocular muscles

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15
Q

Limbus

A

Corneoscleral junction

next to trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm

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16
Q

Aqueous humor of eye

  1. Production
  2. Flow
  3. clinical correlation
A
  1. made in ciliary body (posterior chamber)
  2. flows into anterior chamber through pupillary aperture. In anterior chamber –>trabecular network –>canal of schlemm–> aqueous veins –> episcleral veins
  3. obstruction of outflow= glaucoma (causes increased pressure in vitreous area= compression of stuff)
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17
Q

middle layer of eye

A

Choroid= vascular, contains melanin
Ciliary body= makes aqueous humor
Iris= 2 smooth muscle layers

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18
Q

Ciliary body- 2 layers

A

2 layers:

  1. Uveal =outer layer, supraciliary muscle and ciliary muscle attach to suspensory ligament. Has layer of fenestrated capillaries
  2. Neuroepithelial = 2 layers ciliary epithelium
    • -> outer pigmented layer (cont with retinal pigm. epith)
    • ->inner non pigmented layer

ciliary process- anterior portion that makes aqueous humor

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19
Q

Retinal pigmented epithelium is continuous with?

A

outer neuroepithelial layer of the ciliary body

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20
Q

Iris

A

continuation of ciliary body
Smooth muscles in uvea control the size of the pupil
2 smooth muscle layers- constrictor= PNS, dilator= SNS

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21
Q

Lens

associated disease

A 
Avascular, transparent, elastic
biconvex
Capsule= thick basement membrane
Zonula fibers change shape of lense= accommodation 
Cataracts- opaque lens, aging
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22
Q

Vitreous humor

  1. function
  2. components
A

DIFFERENT THAN AQUEOUS HUMOR

  1. fills vitreous chamber and keeps lens and retina in place
  2. gel-like, water and hyaluronic acid
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23
Q

Retinal layers–only the ones we need to know

A
  1. Pigmented epithelium

2. Neural

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24
Q

Functions of pigmented epithelium (X3)

A
  1. absorb light rays
  2. phagocytosis of old discs (from rods)
  3. stores and release Vit A for photoreceptors
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25
Neural epithelium (of cornea) - components
Rods and cones | have modified cilia on outer segments
26
Rods 1. function 2. cell shape/characteristic 3. Component of rods?
1. for low light vision and peripheral vision 2. tall cylindrical cells. Outer segments have modified cilia 3. Discs (made from plasma membrane) have rhodopsin
27
Cones 1. Main function 2. cell shape/characteristics 3. Components of cones 4. area of retina with only cones?
1. Color vision and bright light 2. Shorter, also have modified cilia on outer segment 3. Discs and pigments sensitive to red, green, and blue 4. Fovea= only cones
28
Renewal of photoreceptors | comparison of rods vs cones?
Cones and rods shed disks that are phagocytosed by the pigmented epithelium. The new cones/rods are located deeper and move forward. CONE DISCS RENEWAL IS SLOWER!
29
Fovea 1. Location 2. Contents 3. type of vision
1. Pit in the macula, highly represented in optic nerve and visual cortex 2. 100% cones, no vessels 3. MACULAR VISION important for VISUAL ACUITY
30
Retinal landmarks?
1. macula lutea= macula (has fovea) | 2. optic disc- where nerve fibers exit retina, no photoreceptors= blind spot
31
Ora serrata
junction between retina and ciliary body
32
Detached retina
neural retina separates from pigmented retina and from choroid. Capillaries can no longer feed photoreceptors, esp in fovea
33
Leading cause of blindness?
Age related macular degeneration Macular area (with fovea) lose function due to degeneration of pigment epithelium. Drusen (white spots) form Leaking behind fovea causes fovea cone cells to die = loss of fine reading and central vision
34
Glaucoma
increased pressure in anterior eye due to blockage of AQUEOUS outflow. This somehow causes increased pressure in VITREOUS humor= compression of blood and nerves and axons
35
What's associated with Drusen?
Macular degeneration- loss of visual acuity
36
Retinitis pigmentosa- symptoms
hereditary disease - rods in peripheral retina degenerate= night blindness - Tunnel vision= fovea spared - black pigment in peripheral retina and thin blood vessels at head of optic nerve
37
Diabetic retinopathy
eye blood vessels become distorted and multiple | treated with laser treatment to stop blood vessel proliferation and leakage of fluid
38
hereditary retinal dystrophy
RPE can't phagocytose discs from rods
39
Lacrimal gland
compound tubuloalveolar gland secrete tears which drain by ducts into conjunctival region tears have lysozymes
40
Ceruminuous glands
coiled tubuloalveolar glands in external ear that make cerumen= part of ear wax
41
ear wax
desquamated meatal cells + ceruminous secretion + sebaceous secretion
42
Eustachian tube
connects pharynx and tympanic cavity
43
Oval window vs round window
``` oval= input- stapes sends vibration through oval window round= output ```
44
Inner ear
membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth. | Bony has 3 parts= vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals
45
Vestibule
Contains oval window (stapes on other side) | saccule and utricle- membranous portions with 2 macuale (sensory sections)
46
Parts of Cochlea
Modiolus= boney core of cochlea with blood vessels and spiral ganglion Spiral ligament= thickened periosteum 3 spaces= scala media, scala vestibula, scala tympani
47
Tympanic membrane epithelium
inner surface= cuboidal epithelium | outer= skin= stratified squamous epith.
48
tympanic cavity epithelium
middle ear | simple squamous epithelium that changes to pseudostratified ciliated columnar near opening to auditory tube
49
Conductive hearing loss
issue is from middle or external ear (prior to oval window)-sound wave conduction tuning fork test-they can hear it
50
Utricle and saccule
maculae= sensory area for static position and linear acceleration. Two types of hairs cells and support cell covered by glycoprotein layer with otoliths
51
Otolithic membrane
gelatinous glycoprotein layer with otoliths that is on top of the vestibular (inside utricle and saccule) hair cells
52
Hair cell 1. parts 2. types
1. one kinocilium surrounded by stereocilia. 2. Type I = bulbar, round nucleus, cup shaped afferent ending Type II= columnar with a round basal nucleus. Small afferent
53
Endolymphatic sac
formed by utricle and saccule ducts
54
Semicircular canal
bony part of innear ear that has the semicircular ducts
55
Semicurcular ducts
continuous with utricle, ampulla is dilated portion near junction
56
Ampullae 1. location 2. function
1. in semicircular ducts near junction with utricle 2. has crista ampullares that detect angular acceleration (3 axis/semicircle) also has type I, type II hair cells, support cells NO OTOLITHS, glycoprotein is CUPOLA
57
Cochlea
part of bony labyrinth contains the cochlear duct. Outer part with perilymph has scala vestibule (above) and scala tympani (below) the cochlear duct
58
Organ of corti
``` aka spiral organ- within the cochlear duct on basilar membrane. Inner and outer tunnels that communicate with each other no kinocilia- 2 types of hair cells 1. Outer hair cells 2. inner hair cells supporting cells ```
59
Helicotrema=
where scala vestibuli and scala tympani can share perilymph. At apex of cochlea.
60
striae vascularis
pseudostratified epithelium lining lateral portion of cochlear duct. secretes endolymph
61
spiral prominence
epithelial lining of cochlear duct that is continuous with stria vascularis and reflected onto basilar membrane
62
basilar membrane
thick amorphous layer with keratin-like fibers
63
tectorial cells
tectorial membrane | make contact with processes of hair cells (of cochlear duct)
64
hair cells of organ of corti
inner- single row along length of duct | outer- 3-5 rows
65
Support for inner tunnel of corti
inner and outer pillar cells, enclose tunnel
66
inner and outer phalangeal cells
support inner and outer hair cells
67
Scala media
cochlear duct- has endolymph
68
Cells of hensen
mark inner nad outer border of spiral organ of corti
69
Ability to hear--put together
tympanic membrane vibration-->ossicles-->oval window -->perilymph-->basilar membrane-->pillar cells--> movement of stereocilia on hair cells in organ of corti--> rubbing on tectorial membrane-->causes nerve impulse-->cochlear nerve
70
vestibular function of ear
head turn--> flow of endolymph in semicircular duct or utricle/saccule semicircular--> cupula on crista ampullaris-->bending of stereocilia saccule/utricle= displacement of otoliths--> bending of sensory hair cells-->macula
71
Main function of organ of corti | defect=
sends impulses regarding hearing damage to nerves from disease drugs or loud noises= nerve deafness can not detect tuning fork sound
72
Tuning fork
transmits vibrations directly to cochlea through bone. Can differentiate between conductive or nerve hearing loss.
73
Where in your eye can you find melanin
choroid

Test 4 Histology (3 decks)

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