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2. Physiology > Sensory Perception > Flashcards

Sensory Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps to sensation?

A
  1. Stimulation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conduction
  4. Perception
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2
Q

Stimulation

A

Application of stimulus

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Induction of AP (if strong enough depolarization)
Increased stimulus strength above threshold leads to increase AP

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4
Q

Conduction

A

Relay of info through a sensory pathway to specific region of CNS
1st, 2nd and 3rd order neuron

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5
Q

1st, 2nd and 3rd order neuron

A
  1. From stimulation point to CNS
  2. From entry into CNS to thalamus
  3. From thalamus to perception site
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6
Q

Perception

A

Detection of environmental change by the CNS

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7
Q

Adequate stimulus

A

Sensors most sensitive to one particular stimulus modality

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8
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Exhibits sensory adaptation (response of sensors to constant stimulation)
Decrease with constant stimulus
Ex: don’t feel a shirt after a while

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9
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Exhibit little adaptation
Maintain constant firing rate as long as stimulus is applied

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10
Q

Sensory system (receptor types)

A

Touch (mechanoreceptor)
Temperature (thermoreceptor)
Pain (nociceptors)
Body position (proprioceptors)
Photoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

What re the receptors of the skin?

A

Free nerve endings for heat, cold, and pain:
Expanded dendritic endings
Encapsulated endings
Bundled receptors

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12
Q

Expanded dendritic endings

A

Ruffini endings and Merkel’s disks (touch)

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13
Q

Encapsulated endings

A

Meissener’s corpuscles, krause’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles (touch and pressure)

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14
Q

Bundled receptors

A

Spindle fibers, golgi tendon organs

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15
Q

Tactile sensory input

A

Responds to pressure and movement of skin
Specialized receptors that respond to particular types of inputs

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16
Q

Pacinian

A

Heavy pressure and rapid vibration (300 hz)

17
Q

Meissener’s

A

Light pressure
Slow vibration (50 Hz)

18
Q

Acuity

A

Ability to discriminate size and shape of an object in the environment

19
Q

When is acuity increased?

A

With increase in receptor density and decrease in receptive field size

20
Q

Receptive field

A

The region of the skin in which a stimulus evokes a response in a sing,e sensory neuron
Discrimination depends on the density of receptors

21
Q

Thermoreception

A

Responds to not painful temperatures
Warm and cold thermoreceptors

22
Q

Where are thermosensitive neurons present?

A

Skin, hypothalamus and spinal cord

23
Q

Proprioception

A

Internal awareness of body position in relation to the environment

24
Q

What are the 2 types of proprioceptors?

A
  1. Muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs found in skeletal muscle
  2. Mechanoreceptors found in CT, ligaments and joint capsules
25
Q

Myelinated sensory functions

A

Muscle spindle- primary (slowest condition velocity)
Muscle tendon
Hair receptors (slowest CV)
Vibration (pacinian corpuscle)
High discrimination touch
Deep pressure touch
Picking pain
Cold
Warm

26
Q

Unmyelinated motor function

A

Cold
Warm
Acting pain
Tickle (fastest condition velocity)
Crude touch and pressure

27
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to painful stimulus
Carried by non-myelinated C fiber sensory neurons
Painful heat, acids, mechanical damage all activate non-specific cation channels

28
Q

What substances are released from damaged cells?

A

ATP
Bradykinin
Substance P

29
Q

How is transduction of warm temperatures carried out?

A

By several types of TRPV cation channels

30
Q

TRPV1

A

Receptor that’s activated by the vanilloid class of compounds (capsaicin, spicy food ingredient)

31
Q

Segmental pain modulation

A

Pain control when there’s not too much damage, the body will take care of it automatically
Body will inhibit the pain receptor

32
Q

Descending pain modulation

A

Pain in the brain
1. C fiber (dorsal horn)
2. Medulla (Nucleus raphe magnus and nucleus paragigantocellularis
3. Periaqueductal gray

33
Q

Referred pain

A

Feel pain in a part of the body that is fairly remote from the tissue causing the pain
Due to lack of precision in the central organization of pain pathways
Ex; heart attack, feeling pain in left shoulder)

34
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

Propioceptors or mechanoceptors
Crosses over @ the medulla and will synapse at the dorsal column nuceli (2nd order neuron)

35
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Nociceptors or thermoreceptors
Crosses over @ the SC (synapse @ first order neuron)

36
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Prorioceptive to cerebellum
Ipsillateral
Keeps track of movement

37
Q

Spinoreticular tract

A

Conveys deep and chronic pain

2. Physiology (15 decks)

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