Sensory Processes

Question 1

Reception

Answer 1

Activation of receptors capable of recognizing a specific stimulus

Question 2

Transduction

Answer 2

of the stimulus to an electrical signal

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

Develop an awareness about the stimulus (sensation) within the CNS

Question 4

3 Step Process for sensing the environment

Answer 4

1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Perception

Question 5

4 different ways to classify a receptor cell

Answer 5

1. Sensory Modality
2. Form of Stimulus Energy
3. Mechanism of Transduction
4. Location

Question 6

Sensory Modality

Answer 6

• 5 senses
• advanced senses: balance, temperature, muscle length
• Sense magnetic fields and ultraviolet light

Question 7

Form of Stimulus Energy

Answer 7

• Mechanoreceptors
• Electroreceptors
• Auditory
• Physical

Question 8

Mechanism of transduction

Answer 8

• Two types: Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 9

Ionotropic Transduction

Answer 9

Fast and direct

Question 10

Metabotropic Transduction

Answer 10

Slow, diverse, gene expression

Question 11

Location

Answer 11

Exteroecptors and Interoceptors

Question 12

Exteroceptors

Answer 12

Response to stimuli OUTSIDE the body (light and sound)

Question 13

Interoceptors

Answer 13

Response to stimuli INSIDE the body (osmotic concentration in blood)

Question 14

Receptor Cells vary greatly in..

Answer 14

Sensitivity and Specificity

Question 15

Sensitivity

Answer 15

Ability to distinguish among stimuli of different intensities

Question 16

Specificity

Answer 16

Ability to distinguish among stimuli of different types

Question 17

Specificity

Answer 17

Ability to distinguish among stimuli of different types

Question 18

Modality Specific

Answer 18

Respond preferentially or exclusively to certain stimuli (pressure and not temperature)

Question 19

Labeled-lines principle

Answer 19

Different sensory processes are localized to distinct regions in the body (nuclei) within the brain

Question 20

Receptor cells organize into ________.

Answer 20

• Sensory organs
• Organs can be composed of multiple receptor cell types
• EACH RECEPTOR CELL RESPONDS TO A SPECIFIC STIMULUS
• EG: TONGUE

Question 21

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 21

• Specialized cells that respond to different mechanical stimuli

Question 22

When bristles move, it deforms the dendrite cell membrane and ..

Answer 22

opens stretch-activated ion channels

Question 23

Membrane depolarization (EPSP)

Answer 23

Receptor potential

Question 24

Adaption

Answer 24

AP in response to the same stimulus decrease over time

Question 25

Two types of adaption

Answer 25

Tonic and Phasic

Question 26

Tonic

Answer 26

- Slow adapting - Incomplete decrease in AP frequency - Light touch/pressure

Question 27

Phasic

Answer 27

- Strong touch or vibration - Rapidly adapting - Complete decrease in AP frequency

Question 28

Vestibular Organs are those ...

Answer 28

- involved in the sense of balance and spatial orientation in vertebrates utilize hair cells - Possess STEREOCILIA to allow STRETCH RECEPTORS to respond to movement

Question 29

Hair cells

Answer 29

located within canals of vestibular organs

Question 30

Outer Ear

Answer 30

Everything external the skull, air filled

Question 31

Middle Ear

Answer 31

Space between the eardrum and the canals of the vestibular system, air-filled, CONTAINS OSSICLES

Question 32

Inner ear

Answer 32

System of interconnected vestibular canals and cochlea, fluid filled, contains the sacculus and utriculus

Question 33

Vestibular canals respond to movement in the ..

Answer 33

x, y, and z direction - fluid in ears can cause motion sickness

Question 34

Ampulla

Answer 34

The base of each canal and where hair cells are located

Question 35

Sound is..

Answer 35

detected through 2 air-filled chambers and fluid-filled chambers

Question 36

Pitch

Answer 36

relate to the frequency

Question 37

Amplitude

Answer 37

How tall the sound waves are

Question 38

Sound waves create..

Answer 38

pressure on the tympanic membrane

Question 39

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Answer 39

Vibration of the tympanic membrane are transmitted via three bones

Question 40

Cochlea

Answer 40

Fluid-filler inner ear structure

Question 41

The cochlea is divided in half by the...

Answer 41

basilar membrane

Question 42

Basilar membrane

Answer 42

Differences in width and rigidity allow for the detection of wide range of frequencies

Question 43

When fluid moves the basilar membrane

Answer 43

hair cells within the organ of corti detect the movement

Question 44

Stereocilia of hair cells come in contact with the ________

Answer 44

tectorial membrane

Question 45

Inner hair cells are _____

Answer 45

responsible for detection of sound

Question 46

How does neural communication detect fluid movement through the cochlea?

Answer 46

1. As pulses of fluid move thru the cochloa canal, basement membrane is displaced 2. As basement membrane moves up, hair cells are forced into contact with tectorial membrane 3. Deflection of stereocilia activates stretch receptors 4. Causes release of neurotransmitters to afferent neurons, generating receptor potential 5. APs are sent to the CNS for interpretation

Question 47

Outer hair cells are _____

Answer 47

primarily innervated by efferent system

Question 48

The bending of stereocilia are

Answer 48

transduced into a receptor potential

Question 49

Depolarize

Answer 49

Positive

Question 50

Polarized

Answer 50

Negative

Question 51

Hair cells

Answer 51

- Do not have axons - Do not produce APs - Secrete neurotransmitters to sensory afferent nerve that will send APs to CNS - Receive efferent signals - Located within canals of VESTIBULAR ORGANS