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Vertebrate Physiology > Sensory System > Flashcards

Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

two main functions

A
  1. Detection of the signal

2. Quantitative features

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2
Q

detection of the signal

A
  • can occur without the animal being away
  • discrimination power of sensory input
  • estimation = quality needs to be determined (modality) what it is
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3
Q

Quantitative features

A
  • intensity of the signal
  • brain will assess if the individual needs to be aware
  • duration and frequency determined
  • spatial location
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4
Q

How do you get a response

A

signal gets converted into an action potential

- it is interpreted in the brain based on the stimulation from the signal

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5
Q

what are the classifications of receptors based on location

A
  • telereceptors ( hearing and sight )
  • exteroreceptors ( external changes like temp and pressure)
  • interoceptors ( internal changes )
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6
Q

sensory coding

A
  • receptor conveys type of info it is sending
  • conveys intensity of the stimulus ( more stronger signals = more frequent APs)
  • send info about the location and receptive field characteristic of the receptor
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7
Q

will all stimulus give signals?

A

no - if it doesnt pass the threshold it is not seen as there

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemical signals ( taste and smell)

  • sweet and salty have different receptors
  • internal variables : pH, blood oxygen
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9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, hearing, balance, and figures body position and blood pressure

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10
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light

vision

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11
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature and changes

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12
Q

Polymodal receptors

A

sharks: ampullae of lorenzini

touch and temperature

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13
Q

nociceptors

A

temperature pression, chemical products, perception of pain (humans)

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14
Q

primary reception structures

A
  • perceived by terminal end
  • afferent level ( out goes in)
    nociceptors
    thermoreceptors
    photoreceptors
    mechanoreceptors
    touch receptors
    chemoreceptors
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15
Q

secondary reception structure

A

mechanoreceptors used for balance and audition

they have cilia and chemoreceptors end of neuro synapse with non nervous sensitive cells

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16
Q

can aquatic animals sense smell

A

no

17
Q

how does smelling occur

A
  • chemicals dissolve in the mucus layer
  • change into AP for brain to understand
  • axons send the AP
  • transductions arrive at the terminal end of the dendrites
  • activated g olf protein moves through membrane and activates adelhynate cuclase which converts ATP to cAMP
  • G protein changes to become active and energetic
  • cAMP is now secondary messenger it goes into sodium channel and activates it
  • sodium causes depolarization to open sodium and calcium channels
  • cAMP changes to cAM
18
Q

Pheromones

A
  • take in air to sample molecules
  • little circle in palette where air is sucked into (also helps detect gender)
  • can affect behaviour of organisms
19
Q

photoreceptor layout

A
  • rods: elongated cilium and between 600-900 receptors (better for nocturnal animals)
  • cones: center of cornea and 200-300 receptors
20
Q

Rods

A 
more photopigment
slow response
high amplification
saturating response 
non directionally selective
highly convergent retinal pathways
high sensitivity
low acuity
achromatic: one type of pigment
21
Q

cones

A 
less photopigment
fast response
less amplification
non saturating response
directionally selective
highly convergent retinal pathways
lower absolute sensitivity
high actuity
chromatic: three types of pigment
22
Q

different mechanoreceptors

A

proprioceptors
baroreceptors
osmoreceptors

23
Q

proprioceptors

A

body ability to sense change ( self movement and body position)

24
Q

Baroreceptors

A

changes in pressure

sense for internal and external environment

25
Q

osmoreceptors

A

changes in osmolarity

26
Q

tactile receptors

A

merkel: braille reading
- paccini: sensitive to pressure and found deep within the skin and some organs
- Ruffini: located in skin and joints. work together with proprioceptors to maintain balance and change body positions
- root hair plexus

27
Q

primary mechanoreceptors

A

dendritic extensions of afferent neurons bipolar spiral wound around the muscle fiber, spindles

28
Q

what is the junction between muscle and tendon

A

golgi tendon organ

29
Q

secondary mechano receptors

A

hair cell receptors involved in the sense of hearing and equilibrium

30
Q

magnetoreception

A

field used by different species
can be followed N/S but they dont know which is which
- used for homing
-maghemite gives direction

31
Q

electroreceptors

A
  • mainly present in most fish and amphibians
  • ability to percieve natural electric signals or stimuli
  • almost exclusively in aquatic/amphibian animals
32
Q

what are electroreceptors used for

A
  • electrolocation

- electrocommunication

33
Q

why do sharks rely on electric field

A
  • used to determine what their prey is
  • most electric sensitive
  • ampullae of lorezini
  • may use it to navigate ocean
34
Q

active electroreception

A
  • animal senses its surrounding environment by generating electric fields and detecting distortion in the fields using electroreceptor organs
  • different categories
  • different muscles
  • can count for up to 30% of the energy production
35
Q

passive electroreception

A
  • animal senses the weak bioelectric fields generated by other animals and use it to locate them
  • sharks use this and some fish have it in the gill membrane
  • solely by ampullary electroreceptors
    can also be found in the lateral line in fish
36
Q

what part of the fish body emits the signal/sound

A

the tail

37
Q

what kind of change do pit organs sense in snakes and how sensitive

A

temperature

very sensitive - 1/100th

38
Q

what are some transient receptor potential (TRP)

A 
TRPV 2 (~50ºC)
TRPV 3/4 (between 22 - 40 ºC)
TRPM 8 (below 22ºC)

Vertebrate Physiology (5 decks)

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