Sensory Systems

Question 1

What are the four stages of sensation?

Answer 1

1. Stimulation of a sensory receptor
2. Transduction of the stimulus
3. Generation of nerve impulses
4. Integration of sensory input

Question 2

What is transduction?

Answer 2

Conversion of stimulus energy into graded potential

Question 3

What are first-order neurons?

Answer 3

Afferent neurons that relay from PNS to CNS

Question 4

What are three examples of rapidly adapting sensory receptors?

Answer 4

Vibration receptors, touch receptors, smell receptors

Question 5

What are three examples of slowly adapting sensory receptors?

Answer 5

Nociceptors, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 6

What are the four types of touch receptors?

Answer 6

1. Corpuscles of Touch (aka Meissner corpuscles)
2. Hair root plexuses
3. Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (aka Merkel discs)
4. Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (aka Ruffini corpuscles)

Question 7

Which two touch receptors are rapidly adapting?

Answer 7

Corpuscles of touch and hair root plexus

Question 8

Which two touch receptors are slow adapting?

Answer 8

Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor and Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor

Question 9

Which two touch receptors also respond to pressure?

Answer 9

Type I and Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Question 10

Are vibration receptors free nerve endings, encapsulated, or separate cells?

Answer 10

Encapsulated

Question 11

What type of stimulus receptor are itch receptors?

Answer 11

Chemoreceptors

Question 12

What range, in Celsius, do cold receptors detect?

Answer 12

10-35

Question 13

What range, in Celcius, do warm receptors detect?

Answer 13

30-45

Question 14

What are the only muscles that lack spindles (the sensory neurons?)

Answer 14

Muscles of the inner ear

Question 15

What are the two tracts of the posterior column in the spinal cord?

Answer 15

1. Gracile fasciculus
2. Cuneate fasciculus

Question 16

What are pyramidal pathways?

Answer 16

Direct motor neuron pathways that extend from cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons

Question 17

What are three places that the vestibular nuclei (in the medulla and pons) receive input from?

Answer 17

1. Eyes
2. Vestibular apparatus
3. Proprioceptors

Question 18

What is the primary purpose of reticular formation motor neurons?

Answer 18

Maintain posture

Question 19

What are saccades?

Answer 19

Small, rapid jerking movements of the eyes that occur as a person looks at different points while scanning.

Question 20

What are three types of epithelial cells that make up taste buds?

Answer 20

Supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells

Question 21

What are three types of papillae that contain taste buds?

Answer 21

Vallate, Fungiform, Foliate

Question 22

Which type of papillae does not contain taste buds?

Answer 22

Fusiform

Question 23

What is the range of wavelengths that comprises visible light?

Answer 23

400nm to 700nm

Question 24

What is the tarsal plate?

Answer 24

A thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids

Question 25

What is a chalazion?

Answer 25

A tumor or cyst resulting from an infection of the tarsal glands

Question 26

How many extrinsic eye muscles are there?

Answer 26

6

Question 27

What are the three parts of the eyeball?

Answer 27

Fibrous Tunic, Vascular Tunic, Inner Tunic

Question 28

Describe the part of the eye that is the fibrous tunic

Answer 28

Almost entire exterior, except for non-corneal anterior

Question 29

Describe the part of the eye that is the vascular tunic

Answer 29

Anterior portion, consists of iris, surrounding ciliary fibers, and choroid

Question 30

Describe the part of the eye that is the inner tunic

Answer 30

Inner portion of eye, consists of neural layer and deeper pigmented layer