Sensory systems - fill in the blanks

Question 1

Sweet, bitter and _________ tastes are detected by G-protein coupled receptors.

Answer 1

Umami

Question 2

The G-protein signalling cascade of gustation employs ___________________ as an
effector enzyme

Answer 2

Phospholipase C

Question 3

The second messenger for olfactory reception is ___________.

Answer 3

cAMP

Question 4

Axons from olfactory sensory cells expressing the same receptor protein converge on
a single ________________ in each hemisphere of the olfactory bulb

Answer 4

Glomerulus

Question 5

Hyperopia occurs when the depth of the eye is too ________.

Answer 5

Small

Question 5

The acuity of compound eyes is limited by the number of ______________,

Answer 5

Ommatidia

Question 5

Animals show innate cravings for salt, sweet and ________ tastes.

Answer 5

Umami

Question 6

In mammals the circadian clock is located in the ___________________.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus or SCN

Question 7

___________ lose all photosensitivity when their eyes are lost.

Answer 7

Mammals

Question 8

In new world monkeys, red:green colour discrimination is restricted to a subset of
___________.

Answer 8

Females

Question 9

Within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), parvocellular neurons are known for
high ___________ acuity.

Answer 9

Spatial

Question 10

The two types of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells that contribute to colour
vision are parvocellular and _________________ neurons.

Answer 10

Koniocellular

Question 11

Cells of the perigeniculate nucleus provide _____________ inhibition to the lateral
geniculate nucleus (LGN).

Answer 11

Feedback

Question 12

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells receiving input from the fovea have
____________ receptive fields than those receiving input from the periphery.

Answer 12

Smaller

Question 13

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay cells use _____________ as a
neurotransmitter.

Answer 13

Glutamate

Question 14

The middle ear consists of three small bones, the malleus, incus and ________.

Answer 14

Stapes

Question 15

When the ion channels on auditory hair cell stereocilia open it causes an influx of
_ ions into the cell.

Answer 15

Potassium

Question 16

The ______ test makes use of a tuning fork to provide a quick and easy way to check
for conductive hearing loss.

Answer 16

Rinne

Question 17

For low frequency sound (e.g. 200Hz) the frequency is coded due to -
____________ within spiral ganglion neurons.

Answer 17

Phase-locking

Question 18

For high frequency sound (e.g. 5,000Hz) the frequency is coded by tonotopy whilst
intensity is coded by the ____________ firing of spiral ganglion neurons.

Answer 18

Increased

Question 19

Barrels in the ________ _________________ cortex are located in layer IV.

Answer 19

Primary Somatosensory

Question 20

The reason why we can see ‘barrels’ in Nissl-stained sections of mouse primary
somatosensory cortex is due to variations in ______ ______ _________.

Answer 20

Cell Body Density

Question 21

_____________ means physiological response to real, or potential, tissue damage
whereas pain means unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with
real or potential tissue damage.

Answer 21

Nociception

Question 22

The type of peripheral nerve ending most specifically associated with nociception is
the ______ ________ __________.

Answer 22

Free Nerve Ending

Question 23

Hyperalgesia means enhanced pain in response to noxious stimuli, whereas ____________ means pain in response to non-noxious stimulus.

Answer 23

Allodynia

Question 24

Vision starts with photoisomerization of retinal from its 11-cis to __________ configuration.

Answer 24

All-Trans

Question 25

In the dark, photoreceptors have a dark current in which leakage of potassium ions in the cell body is balanced by inward flow of _____________ through open channels in the outer segment to keep the cell relatively depolarised.

Answer 25

Cations/Sodium/Calcium

Question 26

______ bipolar cells employ a metabotropic (G-protein coupled receptor) glutamate receptor.

Answer 26

ON

Question 27

___________ cells link cone photoreceptors to their neighbours

Answer 27

Horizontal

Question 28

Red and green cone photoreceptors express different _______ proteins.

Answer 28

Opsin

Question 29

Bilateral damage to area MT (V5) can result in ________ agnosia.

Answer 29

Motion

Question 30

The dorsal or parietal stream is often known as the _______ pathway.

Answer 30

Where

Question 31

The arrangement where responses of lateral intraparietal cortex cells are modulated by eye position is called a ________ field.

Answer 31

Gain

Question 32

The inability to recognise faces is known as _______________.

Answer 32

Prosopagnosia

Question 32

A blind or partially blind spot in the visual field is known as a __________.

Answer 32

Scotoma

Question 33

The direction from which low frequency (e.g. 500Hz) sound originates is processed in the medial superior olive based on the interaural _________ difference.

Answer 33

Timing

Question 34

When sound arrives at the head from the far right, sound waves enter the right ear ___ milliseconds before entering the left ear.

Answer 34

0.6

Question 35

The central nucleus of the __________ ____________ is the region of the brain that integrates horizontal and vertical information to generate a 3D map of sound.

Answer 35

Inferior Colliculus

Question 36

The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) sends sound information via spherical bushy cells to the ipsilateral medial superior olive (MSO) and __________ bushy cells to the contralateral MSO.

Answer 36

Globular

Question 37

The nucleus of the thalamus most closely associated the trigeminal somatosensory system is the __________________ __________ nucleus.

Answer 37

Ventroposterior medial

Question 38

The direction of sound in the vertical plane is first processed in the ________ cochlear nucleus

Answer 38

Dorsal

Question 39

In the somatosensory system, a major ascending fibre tract known as the ________ ____________ conveys signals from the brainstem to the thalamus.

Answer 39

Medial Lemniscus

Question 40

Cell bodies of mechanoreceptors that innervate the body (but not the head) are located in the _________ ______ _____________.

Answer 40

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 41

The dorsal column nuclei receive their major ascending projection from the _______ _______.

Answer 41

Spinal Cord

Question 41

Primary somatosensory cortex is located on the ____________ gyrus.

Answer 41

Postcentral

Question 42

After amputation of a finger, the representation of neighbouring fingers in primary somatosensory cortex changes such that receptive fields become __________.

Answer 42

Smaller

Question 43

When a female rat ceases to suckle her pups, the part of primary somatosensory cortex that represents the mammary glands is likely to change such that receptive fields become larger and magnification factor becomes __________.

Answer 43

Smaller

Question 44

Experiments on monkeys suggest that, after amputation of an arm, there is a substantial expansion in the part of somatosensory cortex that represents the _____.

Answer 44

Face

Question 44

The phenomenon whereby, after an amputation, the amputee continues to feel the missing limb as still present is known as a __________ _______.

Answer 44

Phantom Limb

Question 45

After amputation of an arm, it can happen that the amputee feels touch sensation on their missing fingers when other (intact) parts of the body are touched. These are known as ___________ sensations.

Answer 45

Referred