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Neurophysiology > Sensory to Somatic Receptors > Flashcards

Sensory to Somatic Receptors Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Which type of synapse has slow transmission?

A

Chemical

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2
Q

Which type of synapse uses gap junctions?

A

Electrical

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3
Q

Which synapse allows the transmission of an impulse in both directions?

A

Electrical

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4
Q

Which type of synapse has synaptic delay?

A

Chemical

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5
Q

What type of synapse is found in cardiac and smooth muscle and some CNS synapses?

A

Electrical

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6
Q

What is the most typical type of chemical synapse?

A

Axo-dendritic

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7
Q

What type of synapse is between an axon and a soma

A

Axo-somatic

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8
Q

What type of synapse is inhibitory when synapsing on the axon hillock?

A

Axo-axonic

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9
Q

This is also considered to be an electrical synapse…

A

Dendo-dendritic

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10
Q

This will cause Ca+ entry into the synaptic knob to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released

A

Increased frequency of action potential

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11
Q

This type of gated Ca+ channel is found at the synaptic knob

A

Chemical

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12
Q

Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation result from this type of synapse

A

Axo-Axonic

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13
Q

Axo-axonic synapses that attach to the ending of the presynaptic cell causing voltage-gated Ca+ channels to be harder to open is known as?

A

Inhibition

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14
Q

Axo-axonic synapses that make voltage gated Ca+ channels easier to open are called…

A

Presynaptic facilitation

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15
Q

This is produced by the postsynaptic cell when a synapse is used at a high frequency…

A

Nitric Oxide

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16
Q

NO diffusing from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic is an example of this…

A

Long term potentiation

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17
Q

Long term potentiation is used in this…

A

memory

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18
Q

This applies to any process that improves the effectiveness of a synapse…

A

Long term potentiation

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19
Q

Inhibition of synthesis of neurotransmitters involves the neurotransmitter binding to receptors on this cell

A

Presynaptic/Postsynaptic

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters taken back into the presynaptic cell by endocytosis is called

A

Re-uptake

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21
Q

This will prolong the length of time that the neurotransmitters are in the synapse

A

Inhibition of re-uptake

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22
Q

This is an enzyme that oxidizes the monoamines

A

MAO

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23
Q

To oxidize is to

A

Lose electrons and gain oxygen

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24
Q

Serotonin is an example of

A

Monoamines

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25
This is when a neuron releases all of its neurotransmitter before more can be synthesized
Synaptic Fatigue
26
This is a toxin that prevents the release of Ach from skeletal motor neurons by digesting the cytoskeletal proteins that move the vesicles to the cell membrane for exocytosis
Botulinum
27
This is treatment for Myasthenia Gravis
Anti-Achestrace
28
This is a plant product that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles causing paralysis
Curare
29
Receptors that are ion channels do this
Open rapidly, have few sites for regulation
30
Receptors that work through G proteins do this
Longer acting; can be excitatory or inhibitory
31
This is an enzyme that destroys cAMP and cGMP
Phosphodiesterase
32
These alter the ability of the neuron to respond to a neurotransmitter
Neuromodulator
33
The production of NO and a change in receptor structure are examples of temporary changes involved in
Short term memory
34
Structural changes on the post synaptic cell are involved in
Long term memory
35
Glutatmate binding to AMPA receptors produces an
EPSP
36
Glutamate binding to NMDA receptors produces
Open Ca+ channels on post synaptic cell time AMPA receptors
37
Neuropeptides can function as either
Neuromodulators or Neurotransmitters
38
This is needed to release neuropeptides than to release neurotransmitters
Higher frequency of AP's
39
Synthesis and packaging of neuropeptides into vesicles occurs in the
Cell body
40
Vesicles containing neuropeptides are transferred down the axon to the axon ending by
Axoplasmic flow
41
Synthesis of neurotransmitters occurs in the
Synaptic endings
42
Skeletal muscle contraction requires Ach binding to these receptors
Nicotonic receptors
43
Muscarinic receptors are both this and this
Excitatory and inhibitory
44
The # of neurons in the GI tract = # of neurons in this
Spinal cord
45
This plexus is the outer plexus that controls the movement of the GI tract
Myenteric
46
This plexus is the inner plexus that controls the secretions of the GI tract
Submucosal
47
Loss of background facilitation of spinal neurons from brain neurons is known as
Spinal shock
48
Sensory neuron cell bodies are located here
DRG
49
What is the difference between short and long visceral reflex
Short does involve CNS, can involve autonomic post ganglionic; Long involve CNS, Brain & Cord
50
This type of reflex can involve several neurons that can convert information up, down, and across the spinal cord
Multi-synaptic
51
3 options a neuron has in the sympathetic chain are
Ganglionic chains, collateral ganglia, adrenal medulla
52
What is significant about the innervation of the adrenal medulla?
Endocrine structure
53
This receives input from virtually all regions of the nervous system and controls emotions, hunger, thirst, sex drive, and hormones
Hypothalamus
54
This is responsible for emotions and memory
Limbic system
55
This is responsible for the general level of arousal
Limbic system
56
This processes all sensory information except olfaction
Thalamus
57
Conscious awareness is controlled by
Cortical level
58
These 2 regions of the brain control respiration
Medulla + Pons
59
The reticular inhibitory area secretes this to suppress the reticular excitatory area
Serotonin
60
This activates the SNS and controls the secretion of many hormones in response to stimuli associated with regulatory functions
Hypothalamus
61
What regions of the brain make up the limbic system?
Cortical, hypothalamus
62
If the hippocampus is damaged, this kind of amnesia results
Anterograde
63
This syndrome is where the amygdala is damaged
Bucy Syndrome
64
This produces the myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann Cell
65
This produces the myelin sheath in the CNS
Oligeodendrocyte
66
These phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris
Microglia
67
These make up the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
68
These cells produce CSF
Ependymal cells
69
This responds to physical distortions of membrane structure in which ion channels are altered
Mechanoreceptors
70
This responds to temperature changes that alter ion channels
Thermoreceptors
71
These are triggered when specific molecules bind to receptors and later ion channels
Chemoreceptors
72
Electromagnetic receptors respond to this
Photosensitive pigment
73
When each sensory receptor activates nerve fibers specific for that modality of sensation that carries the info to a specific region in the CNS where it is interpreted. It is known as
Labeled line principle
74
Receptor potentials are also considered
Graded potentials
75
This is a local change in the membrane potential of the receptor
Receptor potential
76
Which lasts longer, receptor or action potential?
Receptor potential
77
The magnitude of a receptor potential is determined by
The strength of the stimulus
78
The magnitude of a receptor potential determines
The action potential created
79
Frequency of action potentials arriving over one neural pathway is
Temporal summation
80
Actions potentials arriving over a number of neural pathways is
Spatial summation
81
This is a decrease in the frequency of action potentials in response to a continuous unchanging stimulus
Adaptation
82
What are the 3 types of adaptation
Fast, Slow, Non
83
The causes an extinction of response
Complete adaptation
84
This occurs when a sensory neuron stops firing completely soon after activation
Fast adaptation
85
This occurs over a matter of seconds before the sensory neuron slowly begins to stop
Slow adaptation
86
This adaptation changes occur in the sensor structure
Fast adaptation
87
This also known as slow adaptation occurs when the neuron itself changes its structure and function
Accommodation
88
A fibers are considered this and have what speed of conduction
Myleinated; fast
89
C fibers are considered this and have what speed of conduction
Unmyleinated; slow
90
Faciliatation is a sub threshold stimulus that will do what to the membrane?
Hypopolarize
91
Inhibition will do what to the membrane making it more difficult to bring to threshold
Hyperpolarize
92
Neurons stimulated by an individual nerve fiber make up the what? for that nerve fiber
Stimulatory field
93
This area of the body that a sensory neuron receives input from
Receptive field
94
This is a result of presynaptic inhibition occurring within the pathway over which the sensory neuron reports about stimulus to the brain
Habituation
95
This is a result of presynaptic facilitation occurring within the pathway over which the sensory neuron reports about the stimulus to the brain
Sensitization
96
This is what happens when one neuron stimulates multiple neurons
Divergence
97
This is what happens when all of the neurons stimulated are part of the same tract
Amplification
98
This is when spatial summation happens to a single or multiple sources
Convergence
99
This is when one neuron synapses with both excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Lateral Inhibition
100
When two neural pathways exert lateral inhibition on each other this is considered
Reciprocal Inhibition

Neurophysiology (2 decks)

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