Sentence correction Flashcards
1
Q
hopefully
A
hopefully is almost always wrong
2
Q
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a late nineteenth-century feminist, called for urban apartment houses including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities.
A) including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities
B) that included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
C) with child-care facilities included and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
D) that included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities
E) to include child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities included
A
First, we can eliminate all the answer choices that use with communal eating and social facilities included or any other structure that follows this pattern:
preposition + noun + participle
This pattern is almost always wrong on the GMAT, and is certainly wrong in this question. This eliminates C) and E).
A) is ambiguous–is clustered suburban houses parallel with child-carfacilities or with urban apartment houses? We need to repeat for to be sure that clustered suburban houses is parallel with urban apartment houses.
Now we’re left with B) and D).
Now, the only difference between B and D is the infinitive to include, which GMAT considers unidiomatic.
That leaves us with D).
BC rules coming next
3
Q
rules:
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a late nineteenth-century feminist, called for urban apartment houses including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities.
A) including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities
B) that included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
C) with child-care facilities included and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
D) that included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities
E) to include child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities included
A
3) Passive voice as far as possible
e.g. His approach is different from the approach used by any other tenor is passive and hence incorrect on GMAT
The correct sentence is
His approach is different from the approach of any other tenor
4) Any Sentence construction with ‘preposition + noun + participle’
e.g. With child-care facilities included (with – preposition, child-care – noun, included – participle)
Infinitives like ‘to include’, ‘to implement’ etc. are wrong on GMAT. Instead use, ‘implementing’, ‘including’ (Which are known as Gerunds) etc.
A Gerund is a noun formed from a verb i.e. Overcoming the GMAT is a great achievement. infinitives are usually formed to retain the integrity of the idiom which is used or to keep a sentence in parallel
4
Q
1) To exchange…….
2) Different from ……..
A
1) To exchange X for Y (exchange X with Y or any other form is incorrect)
2) Different from one another (Different one from the other is wrong)
5
Q
3) X is unknown, nor it is known – is a correct idiom (Neither is not required) It is not that nor would always be preceded by a neither
4) ratify
5) Allergy ….. (Allergy of, allergy for are incorrect)
6) To try to fix is the right idiom (to try and fix is incorrect)
7) Just as… So too
A
3) X is unknown, nor it is known – is a correct idiom (Neither is not required) It is not that nor would always be preceded by a neither
4) To ratify (At ratifying is incorrect) An attempt to ratify is the correct use
5) Allergy to (Allergy of, allergy for are incorrect)
6) To try to fix is the right idiom (to try and fix is incorrect)
7) Just as… So too
6
Q
8) X is different… Y
9) Same as X..
e.g Gravity will apply the same to an airplane flying in air as to a ship floating on water.
10) From X …..
A
8) X is different from Y (different than Y is incorrect)
9) Same as X..as to Y
e.g Gravity will apply the same to an airplane flying in air as to a ship floating on water.
10) From X to Y (Grow from 2 million to 3 billion) (From X up to Y is wrong)
7
Q
Studies of the human “sleep-wake cycle” have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers to the staff of shifts in 24-hour factories.
(A) to the staff of
(B) to those who staff
(C) to the staffing of
(D) and staffing
(E) and the staff of
A
10) From X to Y (Grow from 2 million to 3 billion) (From X up to Y is wrong)
Studies of the human “sleep-wake cycle” have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers to the staff of shifts in 24-hour factories.
(A) to the staff of
(B) to those who staff
(C) to the staffing of
(D) and staffing
(E) and the staff of
From X where X is a noun here.
So, Y should be a noun.
To those who staff in B is incorrect.
C has a noun and is correct.
8
Q
11) Estimated ….
12) Believe X
A
11) Estimated to be (Estimated at is incorrect)
12) Believe X to be Y
9
Q
13) Acclaimed ……
14) Distinguish between
15) In an attempt……
A
13) Acclaimed as is the correct idiom (Acclaimed to be is wrong)
14) Distinguish between X and Y (Distinguish X from Y is incorrect)
15) In an attempt to (gain control)
10
Q
16) Worried about (When talking about someone’s condition)
17) Attempt to ‘do something’ (Attempt at doing is incorrect).
18) Both ……
19) Adverb twice cannot be an object of proposition ‘by’.
‘Increase by twice’ is incorrect; ‘doubled’ is correct
A
16) Worried about (When talking about someone’s condition)
17) Attempt to ‘do something’ (Attempt at doing is incorrect).
18) Both X and Y (Both X as well as Y is incorrect)
Both at X and at Y is correct.
Both on X or on Y is correct.
Both should always have parallel forms associated to it. Similarly, ‘Neither… nor’ should have parallel forms associated to it.
19) Adverb twice cannot be an object of proposition ‘by’.
‘Increase by twice’ is incorrect; ‘doubled’ is correct
11
Q
20) So X as …..
21) As much as (Republicans are involved as much as Democrats).
A
20) So X as to be Y (So unreal as to be true)
21) As much as (Republicans are involved as much as Democrats).
22) X prohibits Y from
23) x forbids y to do z
x prohibits y from doing z.
12
Q
22) X prohibits Y from
23) x forbids y to do z
x prohibits y from doing z.
The new contract forbids a strike by the transportation union
A) forbids a strike by the transportation union
B) forbids the transportation union from striking
C) forbids that there be a strike by the transportation union
D) will forbid the transportation union from striking
E) will forbid that the transportation union strikes
A
22) X prohibits Y from
23) x forbids y to do z
x prohibits y from doing z.
A is the correct answer
13
Q
24) Credit X with ………..
25) Credit X Rupees…..
26) Given credit for being ones…..
27) Believed ……
A
24) Credit X with discovering Y (Credit with doing something)
25) Credit X Rupees to Y’s account (When money is involved)
26) Given credit for being ones…who
27) Believed to have
14
Q
28) Regarded…..
29) Regarded….
30) Concerned …..
A
28) Regarded as having
29) Regarded as ones who have
30) Concerned for – worried; concerned with – related/afflaited
15
Q
31) No sooner
32) X expected to Y
33) Mistake
34) Not …..
A
31) No sooner…than
32) X expected to Y
33) Mistake X for Y
34) Not X; but rather Y
16
Q
35) Persuaded
36) So X
A
35) Persuaded X to do Y
36) So X that Y (So poor that they steal)
17
Q
37) Require that X
38) As a result
39) At least as
40) Modeled …..?
A
37) Require that X be Y (Not require that X is Y)
38) As a result of
39) At least as strong as…(At least as great as)
40) Modeled after
18
Q
41) So X that Y (So illiterate are people that they cant even write)
42) Intent ?
43) Native …..?
44) Compensate ……
A
41) So X that Y (So illiterate are people that they cant even write)
42) Intent on
43) Native of (Native to is also used in some cases, as in the example given below)
44) Compensate for
19
Q
45) Adapted
46) Plead guilty for
A
45) Adapted for
46) Plead guilty for … failing
20
Q
47) Descendent ?
48) X is to… what
49) Potential ..?
A
47) Descendent of (Descendent for is incorrect)
48) X is to… what…Y is to
49) Potential for causing
21
Q
In large doses, analgesics that work in the brain as antagonists to certain chemicals have caused psychological disturbances in patients, which may limit their potential to relieve severe pain.
(A) which may limit their potential to relieve
(B) which may limit their potential for relieving
(C) which may limit such analgesics’ potential to relieve
(D) an effect that may limit their potential to relieve
(E) an effect that may limit the potential of such analgesics for relieving
A
In large doses, analgesics that work in the brain as antagonists to certain chemicals have caused psychological disturbances in patients, which may limit their potential to relieve severe pain.
(A) which may limit their potential to relieve
(B) which may limit their potential for relieving
(C) which may limit such analgesics’ potential to relieve
(D) an effect that may limit their potential to relieve
(E) an effect that may limit the potential of such analgesics for relieving
22
Q
50) Aid …..
A
50) Aid in (Aid for is incorrect)
People were asking Goddess Dia’s aid in healing ills or thanking her for such help.
23
Q
51) Consider X
52) Regard …….
Most nations regard their airspace as extending upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.
(A) as extending
(B) as the extent
(C) to be an extent
(D) to be an extension
(E) to extend
A
51) Consider X…to be Y (a little controversial)
52) Regard as is the correct idiom
REGARD AS
Most nations regard their airspace as extending upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.
(A) as extending
(B) as the extent
(C) to be an extent
(D) to be an extension
(E) to extend
A is correct, because it uses ‘regard as’
24
Q
53) When ‘rates’ means ‘prices charged’ it should be followed …..
54) Distinguish between X and Y (2 very different items, distinguished, say red and green colors)
55) Distinguish X from Y
A
53) When ‘rates’ means ‘prices charged’ it should be followed with ‘for’
Rates for liability insurance
54) Distinguish between X and Y (2 very different items, distinguished, say red and green colors)
Some color blind people cannot distinguish between red and green
55) Distinguish X from Y (Two pretty similar items, say original paintings from fake ones)
25
56) Attribute X (An effect) to Y(A cause)
57) Not in a flash…
56) Attribute X (An effect) to Y(A cause)
57) Not in a flash…but in a…
26
58) May be vs maybe
59) That X is called for
60) Not so much to X…
61) Associate X .......
58) May be (This is a word) is idiomatic, maybe (This means perhaps) is not idiomatic
59) That X is called for is indicated both by Y and by Z.
60) Not so much to X…as to Y
61) Associate X with Y
27
62) Business ethics
63) To worry about........
64) Combined
62) Business ethics – Is a singular word
63) To worry about someone’s condition (To keep worrying over an action)
64) Combined X with Y OR Combined X and Y (Both are correct)
e.g. Combined skill with determination
Combined reactant X and reactant Y
28
65) way
66) No less an authority
67) Acclaimed ...........
65) way to provide (Way for providing is incorrect)
66)** No less an authority than…**
**67) Acclaimed as … is the correct idiom…**
29
An artistic presence of the first order, one frequently ranked with Picasso, Stravinsky, and James Joyce, Martha Graham was acclaimed as a great dancer long before her innovative masterworks made her the most honored of American choreographers.
(A) Martha Graham was acclaimed as
(B) Martha Graham was acclaimed to be
(C) Martha Graham’s acclaim is as
(D) Martha Graham’s acclaim to be
(E) Martha Graham’s acclaim was in being
acclaimed as – choice A is correct in this case.
30
68) Allocated .........
68) Allocated to is the correct idiom
31
The public library allocated revenues it recieved from the recently passed tax initiative to the purchasing of more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
A) to the purchasing of more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
B) in order to purchase more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
C) so as to purchase more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
D) so that more than 2000 books and 50 computers could be purchased
E) for the purchase of more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
68) Allocated to is the correct idiom
E,g, The public library allocated revenues it recieved from the recently passed tax initiative to the purchasing of more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
A) to the purchasing of more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
B) in order to purchase more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
C) so as to purchase more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
D) so that more than 2000 books and 50 computers could be purchased
E) for the purchase of more than 2000 books and 50 computers.
must be A
32
Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.
(A) are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control
(B) are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control
(C) are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling
(D) had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling
(E) had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling
(A) are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control
(B) are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control
(C) are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling
(D) had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling
(E) had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling
Choice A is best. The phrasing are native to correctly suggests that the toad species is indigenous to, and still exists in, South America. In B, native in is unidiomatic; in C and E, natives of illogically suggests that each toad now in Florida hails from South America. In D and E, had been inaccurately implies that the toads are no longer native, or indigenous, to South America, and introduced to Florida is unidiomatic. Both as attempts in B and E and as an attempt in D are wrong
because the attempt consists not of the toads themselves, but of their introduction into the environment. The correct phrase, in an attempt, should be completed by an infinitive (here, to control), as in A.
33
1) Use of Consider
When ‘consider’ means ‘regard as’, ‘as’ should not be present with ‘consider’ in the sentence. Consider must directly be followed by the sentence without an infinitive like ‘to be’ etc.
Example: Some students of literary criticism consider the
theories of Blaine to be a huge advance in modern
critical thinking and question the need to study the
discounted theories of Rauthe and Wilson.
to be a huge advance in modern critical
thinking and question
as a huge advance in modern critical thinking
and question
as being a huge advance in modern critical
thinking and questioned
34
consider 2
When ‘consider’ means ‘regard as’, ‘as’ should not be present with ‘consider’ in the sentence. Consider must directly be followed by the sentence without an infinitive like ‘to be’ etc.
a huge advance in critical thinking and
question (When consider means regard as, no need of as)
are a huge advance in modern critical thinking
and questioned
Example 2:
Critics consider correction facilities to be an integral part of communal system. - Incorrect
Critics consider correction facilities an integral part of communal system. – Correct
35
Many scholars regard the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Peru as the most impressive in South America.
(A) regard the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Peru as
(B) regard the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Peru to be
(C) regard the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Peru to have been
(D) consider that the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Peru are
(E) consider the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Peru as
A is correct
When ‘consider’ means ‘regard as’, ‘as’ should not be present with ‘consider’ in the sentence. Consider must directly be followed by the sentence without an infinitive like ‘to be’ etc.
a huge advance in critical thinking and
question (When consider means regard as, no need of as)
are a huge advance in modern critical thinking
and questioned
36
semicolon
2) Semicolon: Any sentence after a semicolon (;), should be an independent clause.
37
3) Object v/s. Subject:
If a noun is the object of a verb, the verb should end with ‘ed’. If a noun is the subject of a verb, the verb should end with ‘ing’. (e.g. ‘local times determined’ when the noun is object of the verb ‘determined’) (e.g. determining the local times – where the noun local times is the subject of the verb determining).
Somebody determined times – times is object of determined
Times differed – Times is the subject of differed
plural vs singular:
When the subject is plural use a plural verb.
e.g. In laws of motion, there is a condition and its converse regarding bodies at rest and bodies in motion. – This is incorrect.
In laws of motion, there are a condition and its converse regarding bodies at rest and bodies in motion.- correct
38
With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract
With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.
(A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract
(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting
(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract
C is correct.
39
4) One of the: The pattern to remember is ‘one of the NOUN (this noun will always be plural) + that/who + PLURAL VERB
The pattern to remember is ‘one of the NOUN (this noun will always be plural) + that/who + PLURAL VERB
Example : He is one of the persons who make money.
This is one of the cars that run on hydrogen.
A number of people are waiting for the bus.
The number of cars in the city is decreasing.
Any of the stockholders who disapprove – is the right use
Three cats, each eat
Three cats, each of which eats
A sentence like ‘X is one of the Y that are. Are is the correct use. Such a sentence always should have a subject verb agreement with Y and not with X.
40
5) Tenses: When the entire sentence is in the same tense, a simple present tense may be fine. However, if the sentence implies that an action occurred before another action, ‘had’ may need to be used apart from the simple present tense.
To be + Complement: Points to present tense (The depletion of ozone layer is believed to be the cause of all problems)
To have been: Points to past tense (The impact of meteorite is believed to have caused the extinction of dinosaurs)
If they would have found the receipt by April, they would have paid less tax.
If they had found the receipt by April, they would have paid less tax. - Correct
41
That parallelism:
Many agree that there is waste…and that government is rubbish
42
countable nouns
More (More than 200 million people in world earn less than 10 dollars a day)
43
not countable
Much
There is too much traffic, because many people travel.
Much is also used with nouns like ‘Work’ and ‘Happiness’
44
fewer
countable nouns
Fewer (Could I have fewer soup, please? Is wrong,
The correct sentence is ‘Could I have less soup, please?)
As a rule of thumb,
Use fewer to modify a plural noun.
Example: I have fewer papers to write than last year.
Use less to modify a singular noun.
Example: You’ll need less paper if you type your report.
When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 50's, some 4000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many
B. there are fewer than one quarter as many
c. there are fewer than one quarter of that amount
D.the number is less than one quarter of that amount
E. it is less than one quarter of that amount
Fewer is correct, as highways are countable (4000/4) = 1000. So, C is the answer.
45
non countable
Less
Less (Also used for sums of money as in above sentence, periods of time and distance, or while citing numerical or statistical data)
* There is less traffic on the road, because fewer people drive these days.
* It's less than twenty miles to Dallas.
* He's less than six feet tall.
* Your essay should be a thousand words or less.
* We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.
* The town spent less than four percent of its budget on snow removal
46
With a total population of less than two hundred and xfewer breeding females than ever before, the American crocodile seemed a decade ago to be in danger of disappearing.
(A) of less than two hundred and fewer
(B) lower than two hundred and less
(C) lesser than two hundred and fewer
(D) fewer than two hundred and less
(E) of fewer than two hundred and of fewer
With a total population of less than two hundred and xfewer breeding females than ever before, the American crocodile seemed a decade ago to be in danger of disappearing.
(A) of less than two hundred and fewer
(B) lower than two hundred and less
(C) lesser than two hundred and fewer
(D) fewer than two hundred and less
(E) of fewer than two hundred and of fewer
answer A
47
countable vs. noncountable card 3:
Majority
Number, many
When dealing with people, always use ‘number’ and not amount.
noncountable
Quantity, amount, greater (Used to compare numbers)
48
singular nouns
Each, everyone
Fractions
With fractions, the verb agrees with preceding noun or clause
e.g. 1) One third of the article is rubbish
2) All of the info is correct
3) Half of what he writes is rubbish
About 50% of the job is routine.
singular : None, everyone
49
Plural nouns
Half, all, most, 10%
Fractions
50
With collective nouns, use a singular/plural verb depending on whether you want to emphasize on a single group or its individual members.
ex.
All of the class is/are here.
Half of my family lives/live in Canada.
Team is a collective noun and can be singular or plural depending upon the rest of the sentence following the noun.
The team streamed into the locker room, donned their uniforms, and, before commencing its first practice, they joined in a brief strategy session.
B) and its first practice was preeceded by a brief strategy session
C) and a brief strategy session preeceded its first practice
D) and, before commencing their first practice, they joined in a brief strategy session
E) and, before commencing their first practice, joined in a brief strategy session
E is correct
51
8) Subject Verb Agreement (Refer to sorted for more info):
If the subject and verb are reversed, they should still agree with each other.
8) Subject Verb Agreement (Refer to sorted for more info): If the subject and verb are reversed, they should still agree with each other.
e.g. A group of lions is called pride ‘or’ A pride is a group of lions
Attached are copies of the contract ‘or’ Copies of the contract are attached.
One Important Example : All the choices but D contain ambiguities.
Among the various emotions on display was anger….
Among the various things found were statues….
52
X will occur if Y happens
9) In conditional sentences (X will occur if Y happens), verb of the main clause should be in future tense and verb of the if clause should be in present indicative (if Y happens)
e.g. We will go to the movie only if I finish my work.
53
10) IT as a pronoun:
Whenever, ‘it’ is used in a sentence, it should always refer to a NOUN. If that noun is not present in the sentence, don’t use ‘it’. Also ‘it’ should unambiguously refer to a single noun in the sentence. If unsure, replace the ‘it’ in the sentence with the NOUN.
e.g. Under a provision of constitution that was never applied, congress has been required to call a convention for possible amendments to document when asked about it. (There is no noun, to which ‘it’ can refer to).
54
11) USE of OR: When there are 2 or more options separated by ‘OR’, both should equally apply to the following clause.
11) USE of OR: When there are 2 or more options separated by ‘OR’, both should equally apply to the following clause.
e.g. Slowing the growth or damaging forests (Both slowing the growth and damaging apply to forests. Now, consider the clause ‘slowing the growth forests’ and ‘damaging forests’. The first one, does not seem fine. As, it should be ‘slowing the growth of or damaging forests).
Damaging or slowing the growth of forests – Is the correct usage (Damaging forests or slowing the growth of forests).
12) When two adjectives modify the same noun, both must have similar forms.
e.g. The topology course was both rigorous and a challenge.
This is wrong. Adjectives rigorous and challenge both modify course, so it should be rigorous and challenging.
55
12) I decided that I would either take my daughter to the cinema or go by myself.
A. I would either take my daughter to the cinema or go by myself.
B.I either would take my daughter to the cinema or go by myself.
C. I would either take my daughter to the cinema or else I would myself go.
D. either I would take my daughter to the cinema or go by myself.
E. either I would myself go to the cinema or take my daughter.
The construction either XXX or YYY is a common construction with parallelism errors. In this case, the XXX (after the word either) and the YYY (after the word or) should be in the same format. Let us consider what XXX and YYY are for each option:
Choice A:
XXX: take my daughter to the cinema
YYY: go by myself
(This is correct - they are both clauses starting with a verb. After all, A (the original text) is the correct answer.
Choice B:
XXX: would take my daughter to the cinema
YYY: go by myself
No - one clause starts with the auxiliary verb "would" and the other starts with the plain verb "go".
Choice C:
XXX: take my daughter to the cinema
YYY: else I would myself go
Yuk! That use of "else" is totally unnecessary! It certainly ruins the parallelism. Besides, the inclusion of "would" in one part but not the other is enough to spoil the parallel effect.
Choice D:
XXX: I would take my daughter to the cinema
YYY: go by myself
Ha! One part contains a subject and auxiliary verb ("I would") and the other doesn't! Need I say more?
Choice E:
XXX: I would myself go to the cinema
YYY: take my daughter
The swapping of the two parts is not in itself wrong, but the inclusion of "I would" in the first part and not in the second is the same error that was present in (D).
56
Use of that and which:
Most often than not, in GMAT, which would be preceded by a comma in the sentence.
e.g. Get me the book, which is mine. Which is used to qualify the book i.e. which is mine. There may be many books in the room, but I want my book.
**‘Which’ should always refer to a noun. E.g. Get me the book, which is mine. So, ‘which’ here refers to the noun ‘book’.
* Which should apply to things**
e.g. Sales of United States manufactured goods to non-industrialized countries rose to $167 billion in 1992, which is 14 percent more than the previous year and largely offsets weak demand from Europe and Japan.
A) which is 14 percent more than the previous year
B) which is 14 percent higher than it was the previous year
C) 14 percent higher than the previous year's figure
D) an amount that is 14 percent more than the previous year was
E) an amount that is 14 percent higher than the previous year's figure
B is incorrect, because which should refer to a specific noun in the preceding clause. That noun does not exist ( Rise of sales). So, it is replaced by an amount that is 14 percent higher …
So, E is the correct answer
That is a restrictive clause while which is a non restrictive clause.
57
Like v/s. As:
Like v/s. As:
Like is used to express similarity. It is normally used to show similarity between two nouns e.g. Lemons are like limes.
As on the other hand would normally compare two clauses and not two nouns. E.g. He looks as if he is drunk.
Such As: It is normally used to give examples. Compare the two sentences ‘I want you to buy fruits like lemons and limes’. However, if you want lemons and limes, you would say that ‘I want you to buy fruits such as lemons and limes’. The earlier sentence means you don’t want lemons and limes, but fruits like those.
Example of ‘Like v/s. As’
The ordinance is intended to force householders to separate such hazardous waste like pesticides, batteries, fertilizers, and oil-based paints from the general stream of household trash.
(A) to separate such hazardous waste like
(B) that they should separate such hazardous waste like
(C) separating such hazardous wastes as
(D) that they should separate such hazardous wastes as
(E) to separate such hazardous wastes as
E is the correct answer. Examples to be given, so ‘as’.
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For some reason the new consultant treats his clients like idiots, talking to them like they were mentally deficient and incapable of understanding more than the simplest ideas.
(A) like idiots, talking to them like they
(B) as if they were idiots, talking to them like they
(C) like idiots, talking to them as if they
(D) as idiots, talking to them like they
(E) like idiots who
For some reason the new consultant treats his clients like idiots, talking to them like they were mentally deficient and incapable of understanding more than the simplest ideas.
(A) like idiots, talking to them like they
(B) as if they were idiots, talking to them like they
(C) like idiots, talking to them as if they
(D) as idiots, talking to them like they
(E) like idiots who
C is correct.
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Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, laissez-faire capitalism is the cornerstone of the new government.
(A) laissez-faire capitalism is the cornerstone of the new government
(B) the cornerstone of the new government is laissez-faire capitalism
(C) laissez-faire capitalism is the new government’s cornerstone
(D) the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone
(E) the new government has a laissez-faire cornerstone of capitalism
Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, laissez-faire capitalism is the cornerstone of the new government.
(A) laissez-faire capitalism is the cornerstone of the new government
(B) the cornerstone of the new government is laissez-faire capitalism
(C) laissez-faire capitalism is the new government’s cornerstone
(D) the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone
(E) the new government has a laissez-faire cornerstone of capitalism
D is correct
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According to a recent poll of the entering class, joining a fraternity or sorority is still a priority of a majority of freshmen, .
A) like that of earlier classes
B) as that for earlier classes
C) just as earlier classes did
D) as have earlier classes
E) as it was of earlier classes
According to a recent poll of the entering class, joining a fraternity or sorority is still a priority of a majority of freshmen, .
A) like that of earlier classes
B) as that for earlier classes
C) just as earlier classes did
D) as have earlier classes
E) as it was of earlier classes
(E) The intended comparison should be completed by a clause beginning with as and containing a subject and verb that correspond to the subject and verb of the main clause.
In E, the best choice, it refers unambiguously to the phrasal subject joining. . . sorority, the verb was corresponds to is, and today's majority of freshman are appropriately compared to earlier classes.
Choices A and B lack a verb corresponding to is and a clear referent for that.
Choices C and D are confusing and illogical because their verbs, did and have, cannot substitute for is in the main clause.
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During an ice age, the buildup of ice at the poles and the drop in water levels near the equator speed up the Earth's rotation, like a spinning figure skater whose speed increases when her arms are drawn in.
(A) like a spinning figure skater whose speed increases when her
arms are drawn in
(B) like the increased speed of a figure skater when her arms are drawn in
(C) like a figure skater who increases speed while spinning with
her arms drawn in
(D) just as a spinning figure skater who increases speed by drawing in her arms(E)
(E) just as a spinning figure skater increases speed by drawing in her arms
Another example stressing the point, that like is used to compare nouns only, and as to compare actions.
During an ice age, the buildup of ice at the poles and the drop in water levels near the equator speed up the Earth's rotation, like a spinning figure skater whose speed increases when her arms are drawn in.
(A) like a spinning figure skater whose speed increases when her
arms are drawn in
(B) like the increased speed of a figure skater when her arms are drawn in
(C) like a figure skater who increases speed while spinning with
her arms drawn in
(D) just as a spinning figure skater who increases speed by drawing in her arms(E)
(E) just as a spinning figure skater increases speed by drawing in her arms
rotation of the earth is compared to spinning of a figure skater (so E is the OA)
A is like B. like is a proposition linking 2 nouns and 2 clauses should not be linked with it.
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More than thirty years ago Dr. Barbara Mc-Clintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that genes can “jump,” as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another.
(A) as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(B) like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another
(C) as pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(D) like pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others
(E) as do pearls that move mysteriously from one necklace to some other one
Example of Such as:
While the base salary for the top five officers of the company did not change from 1990 to 1991, cuts were made nonsalary compensation, as in allowances for overseas assignments and club memberships.
(A) cuts were made nonsalary compensation, as in
(B) cuts were made in such nonsalary compensation as
(C) cuts were made in such nonsalary compensation as those in
(D) cuts in nonsalary compensation were made in areas like
(E) there were cuts made in nonsalary compensation, in areas like
Answer B
Example of Such as:
B is the correct answer. It uses ‘such as’ to furnish 2 examples.
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Compared to v/s. Compared with:
e.g. He compared her to a summer day.
Scientists compare the human brain to a computer. (Unlike thing)
The police compared the forged signature with the original. (Like things)
To show comparison between unlike things, ‘compare to’ is used.
To show comparison between like things, ‘compare with’ is used.
e.g. He compared her to a summer day.
Scientists compare the human brain to a computer. (Unlike thing)
The police compared the forged signature with the original. (Like things)
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4) Because v/s. In That:
Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
A. because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone
B. because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are
C. because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues
D. in that their composition , tissues such as tooth and bone, is
E. in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
When ETS puts ‘because’ and ‘in that’ in a sentence, more often than not, ‘in that’ would be correct. ‘In that qualifies’ the previous sentence, while ‘because’ is just used to show a simple causal relationship.
Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
A. because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone
B. because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are
C. because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues
D. in that their composition , tissues such as tooth and bone, is
E. in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
E is the correct answer.
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5) Less v/s. Fewer:
Less means ‘Not as much’, Fewer means ‘Not as many’
e.g. A shower takes less water than a bath, so take fewer baths and more showers.
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6) Agree to v/s. Agree with:
Agree with is used when a person is agreeing with another person.
Agree to is used when a person is agreeing to something inanimate.
e.g. I agree to your proposal
I completely agree with you on this one.
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7) Usual v/s. Is Usual:
7) Usual v/s. Is Usual: He is faster than is usual for any human being – Is correct.
He is faster than usual today – is correct
A Mercedes is more expensive than usual for a car – Incorrect
A Mercedes is more expensive than is usual for a car – Correct
When something is compared to a subgroup to which it belongs, is usual should be used. When something is compared to itself, usual is fine
e.g. He is nicer than usual.
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8) Between v/s. Among:
9) If v/s. Whether:
8) Between v/s. Among: Between used for a comparison between two things only. Among is used for more than 2 things.
9) If v/s. Whether: If introduces a condition, whether produces a choice
Whether to go or not to go.
If I go, he will come.
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10) Who v/s. whom: If answer is in ‘HE’, use ‘WHO’. If answer is in ‘HIM’, use ‘WHOM’.
e.g. Who broke the glass (HE did, so ‘who’)
By whom was the glass taken? (By ‘HIM’, so ‘WHOM’)
If answer is in ‘HE’, use ‘WHO’.
If answer is in ‘HIM’, use ‘WHOM’.
e.g. Who broke the glass (HE did, so ‘who’)
By whom was the glass taken? (By ‘HIM’, so ‘WHOM’)
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11) Where v/s. When: Where is used to point to a region/area/place
When is used to point to a time.
Each of the factory towns which has pollution as a severe problem…
Each of the factory towns where the pollution problem is severe – is correct
Where is used to point to a region/area/place
When is used to point to a time.
Each of the factory towns which has pollution as a severe problem…
Each of the factory towns where the pollution problem is severe – is correct
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12) Native of v/s. Native to:
12) Native of v/s. Native to: Native of can be used when referring to human beings.
Native to usage is otherwise correct.
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13) Can v/s. Could:
If you are just assuming something, ‘could’ should be used.
13) Can v/s. Could: If you are just assuming something, ‘could’ should be used.
e.g. Artificial intelligence emerged during the late 1950's as an academic discipline based on the assumption that computers are able to be programmed to think like people.
(A) are able to be programmed to think like people
(B) were able to be programmed to think as people
(C) can be programmed to think as people can
(D) could be programmed to think like people
(E) are capable of being programmed to think like people do
Can is used for : General ability (I can speak English), opportunity (I can help her now), request (Can I have a glass of water?), possibility (Anyone can become rich and famous).
Could is used for: possibility (John could be the one who stole the money), condition (If I had more time, I could travel around the world), suggestion (You could spend your vacation here), polite request (Could I have something to drink?)
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I would pay my taxes. (In this case), expresses reservation. If I had the money (but I don’t).…
* Would is often used to show a condition in the past. E.g. I would have done it, if I had money then. (A thing that was not done but could have been done if money was available) OR
e.g.
In the mid-1920’s the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company was the scene of an intensive series of experiments investigating the effects that changes in working conditions would have on workers’ performance
(Changes in condition will have is wrong, it should be would have, as we are describing what the company had done and what they anticipated)
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14) BECAUSE v/s. ON ACCOUNT OF:
15) CHIEF of WHICH v/s. CHIEF among which:
14) BECAUSE v/s. ON ACCOUNT OF: On GMAT, ‘Because’ is preferred over ‘on account of’. This is because ‘because’ can introduce an entire subordinate clause in the sentence (Golden crab is not fished, on account of living… - is not correct).
Golden crab is not fished, because it lives… - is correct
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15) CHIEF of WHICH v/s. CHIEF among which:
Jamieson's proposal was rejected for several reasons, the chief among which was cost.
(A) the chief among which was cost
(B) among which the chief was its cost
(C) the main one was cost
(D) the chief reason of which was its cost
(E) the chief of which was cost
15) CHIEF of WHICH v/s. CHIEF among which:
Jamieson's proposal was rejected for several reasons, the chief among which was cost.
(A) the chief among which was cost
(B) among which the chief was its cost
© the main one was cost
(D) the chief reason of which was its cost
(E) the chief of which was cost
Answer is C
chief means main or principal, and all three words mean the top one. And when we refer to a member of a group, we use of. For example, if we want to name our best friend, we'd say He is the best of my friends, but not He is the best among my friends.
Now, run these through your head to see how they sound:
* The main reason of all the reasons.
* The main reason among all the reasons.
I think the first sounds better and is more precise.
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16) PRACTICE v/s. PRACTISE:
Practise is a verb and practice is a noun.
I practise piano is correct. Also, I had my piano practice for the day is correct.
The doctor practised for 20 years; his brother a lawyer had a 2 year practice.
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Since the 1930’s aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become turbulent.
(A) wings, shaped so smoothly and perfectly
(B) wings, wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped
(C) wings that are shaped so smooth and perfect
(D) wings, shaped in such a smooth and perfect manner
(E) wings, wings having been shaped smoothly and perfectly so
This is called resumptive modifiers
B is the correct answer.
Wings is required to unambiguously convey the meaning of the sentence.
A resumptive modifier picks up a word or phrase from a sentence that seems to be finished and then adds information and takes the reader into new territory of thought.
In a crowded, acquisitive world, the disapperance of lifestyles such as those once followed by southern Africa's Bushmen and Australia's aborigines, requiring vast wild spaces and permitting little accumulation of goods, seem inevitably doomed.
(B) requiring vast wild spaces and permitting little accumulation of goods, seems to be inevitably doomed
(C) which require vast wild spaces and permit little accumulation of goods, seems to be inevitably doomed
(D) life-styles that require vast wild spaces and permit little accumulation of goods, seem inevitable
(E) life-stlyes requiring vast wild spaces and permitting little accumulation of goods, seems inevitable
E is the correct answer.
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examples of resumptive modifiers
A resumptive modifier picks up a word or phrase from a sentence that seems to be finished and then adds information and takes the reader into new territory of thought.
* The Swiss watchmakers' failure to capitalize on the invention of the digital timepiece was both astonishing and alarming — astonishing in that the Swiss had, since the beginnings of the industrial revolution in Europe, been among the first to capitalize on technical innovations, alarming in that a tremendous industrial potential had been lost to their chief competitors, the watchmakers of Japan.
* The defensive coaches taught risk-taking, ball-hawking, and perpetual movement — three strategies that bewildered the opposition and resulted in many bad passes, steals, and easy fastbreak baskets.
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Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.
(A) as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these
(B) as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan
(C) like an expert—computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan
(D) like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized
(E) like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like
Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.
(A) as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these
(B) as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan
(C) like an expert—computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan
(D) like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized
(E) like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like
C is the answer.
resumptive modifiers
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EACH v/s. EVERY:
The dog has bitten my younger son twice, and each time, he has had to be sent to his kennel.
A. each time, he has had to be sent to his
B. every time, it has had to be sent to his
C. each time, it has had to be sent to its
D. every time, it has had to be sent to its
E. each time, he has had to be sent to its
Each refers to ‘2 times’, every refers to ‘More than 2 times’
The dog has bitten my younger son twice, and each time, he has had to be sent to his kennel.
A. each time, he has had to be sent to his
B. every time, it has had to be sent to his
C. each time, it has had to be sent to its
D. every time, it has had to be sent to its
E. each time, he has had to be sent to its
‘Each time’ because it has bitten only twice. The use of the pronoun "he" is unclear here - does it refer to the dog or to the son? In fact, tracing our way back along the sentence, we find that we come across the word "son" before we come across the word "dog", which rather implies that it is the son who owns, and is sent to, the kennel.
The way to get round this ambiguity is to use "it" followed by "its" (no apostrophe!). This limits the choices to (C) and (D). The only difference between these options is the fact that one uses the word "every" and the other uses the word "each". Since these refer to the two times that the dog bit the son, we shouldn't use "every" (that refers to three or more times). The correct option is therefore (C).
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Q. test 14 paper 11.15.23
Q2 "Samuel Sewall viewed marriage, as other 17th century colonists, like a property arrangement rather than" an emotional bond based on romantic love.
A. same
B. As did other 17th century colonists, Samuel Sewall viewed marriage to be a property arrangement rather than viewing it as
C. Samuel Sewall viewed marriage to be a property arrangement, like other 17th century colonists, rather than viewing it as
D. Marriage to Samuel Sewall, like other 17th century colonists, was viewed as a property arrangement rather than
E. Samuel Sewall, like other 17th century colonists, viewed marriage as a property arrangement rather than
Answer E.
A. two issues, 1 gramaatical one idiomatic, if you use as need verb in second part of comparison for grammar, so would have to be as other colonists did need a verb. other issue with A. idiomatically view something as you do not view it like, I vew him as a friend I don't view him like a friend
B. as did other ...... to be is wrong for comparison, as did other 17th century colonists sam viewd marriage AS a property arranagement the rather than viewing is not paralell
C. should be viewed as for idiomatic, also the rather than viewing is not parallel
D. "was viewed" as a property arrangement
E. sounds correct
as vs like
Samuel Sewall viewed marriage as other 17th century colonists viewed marriage, but missing verb. Samuel Sewall viewed marriage sa other 17th century colonists did to properly compare the verbs
if A said. Sam Sewall viewed marriage as other colonists did that is fine, don't get caught up that it has to be like or as to be as not testing 1 or the other just have to use it correctly!
vs like vs such as far more restrictive, such as has to be examples
like has to be a comparison, in this sentence they misused like to mean for example when it doesn't. Which is when given option like vs such as the correct answer is almost always such as, they focus on difference between those two
This question is using
as is for verbs, like is for nouns, sam viewed marriage like other colonists, sam viewed marriage as other colonists did..... to compare verbs properly, notice in E. thye move the comparison up, samuel sewall like other 17th cenuty colonists that is good comparing Samuel Sewall to other 17th century colonosts so comparing nouns using like!
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it is an idiom- mistook something for somethign else
ex.Q 5 paper test 14- "In the mid-1960's a newly installed radar warning system mistook the rising of the moon as a massive missile attack by the Soviets"
you mistook the rising of moon as x FOR Y
has to be rising of the moon FOR a massive Soviet Missile attack
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Q. 6 Paper test 14
"If Dr. Wade was right, any apparent connection of the eating of" highly processed foods and excelling at sports is purely coincidental.
A. same
B. Should Dr. Wade be right, any apparent connection of eating ....
C. If Dr. Wade is right, any connection that is apparent between eating of...
D. IF Dr. Wade is right, any apparent connection between eating ......
E. Should Dr. Wade have been right, any connection apparent between eating....
Answer is D
between eating highly processed foods..... is correct
Should sounds werid
if is conditional so you would need to use the subjunctive tense which is were
If Dr. Wade were right, must be subjecuntive
If Dr. Wade is right, or If Dr. Wade had been right..... those are all called condiiton
IF he were right past
if he is right today or tomorrow
any apparent connection is better than any connection that is apparent is super awkward
between vs of, eating of highly processed is wrong, would have to be bewteen X and Y so between eating of highly processed foods is wrong, between eating highly processed foods
so must be between eating not eating of
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17) Economic v/s. Economical:
The supply of oil being finite has become an economical and political consideration of the first magnitude for all modern industrial nations.
(A) The supply of oil being finite has become an economical
(B) The finite supply of oil has become an economical
(C) That the supply of oil is finite has become an economical
(D) The supply of oil being finite has become an economic
(E) That the supply of oil is finite has become an economic
17) Economic v/s. Economical:
Economic means "having to do with the economy or the study of economics."
Economical means "careful or prudent in managing finances, money- saving."
The supply of oil being finite has become an economical and political consideration of the first magnitude for all modern industrial nations.
(A) The supply of oil being finite has become an economical
(B) The finite supply of oil has become an economical
(C) That the supply of oil is finite has become an economical
(D) The supply of oil being finite has become an economic
(E) That the supply of oil is finite has become an economic – OA
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1) Due to: If used correctly means ‘Attributable to’ and not ‘because’
2) In ‘Neither…nor’ sentences, the verb has to agree with the subject following nor
3) Avoiding redundant words:
1) Due to: If used correctly means ‘Attributable to’ and not ‘because’
Due to means "caused by" It should only be used if it can be substituted with "caused by" It does not mean the same thing as "because of."
Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.
Correct: The game was postponed because of rain.
Correct: The game's postponement was due to rain.
2) In ‘Neither…nor’ sentences, the verb has to agree with the subject following nor
e.g. Neither the evidence nor the facts are correct
Neither his mom nor his dad agrees with him.
3) Avoiding redundant words: free gift, surrounded on all sides, the same exact thing, try to attempt, whether or not, the reason why
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4) Use of subjunctive verb: To express a demand or a request, THAT always comes after the verb, the second verb is always in simple present tense.
Incorrect: If I was you, I would run.
Correct: If I were you, I would run.
(The verb follows if and expresses a non-factual condition.)
Incorrect: I wish he was able to type faster.
Correct: I wish he were able to type faster.
(The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It also suggests a non-factual or doubtful condition.)
Incorrect: His requirement is that everyone is computer literate.
Correct: His requirement is that everyone be computer literate.
(Subordinate clause follows main clause with a demand.)
Incorrect: He recommended that each driver reports his tips.
Correct: He recommended that each driver report his tips.
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use of subjunctive verb continued
e.g. 1) His father demanded that he return home by 9 PM.
Return – Simple present tense
Use of subjunctive to express an idea that is contrary to fact or to speculate about a hypothetical situation
e.g. I wouldn’t do it if I were you.
If air force were to crash with the president on board, the vice president would become the president.
If I were the president of America, I would relax
e.g. 1) His father demanded that he return home by 9 PM.
Return – Simple present tense
Demanded- precedes ‘that’ in the sentence.
i. The manager demanded that the staff stay late to finish the work.
ii. Jack suggested that Sylvia should buy a new watch – Incorrect (Should must be removed)
Jack suggested that Sylvia buy a new watch.
Use of subjunctive to express an idea that is contrary to fact or to speculate about a hypothetical situation
e.g. I wouldn’t do it if I were you.
If air force were to crash with the president on board, the vice president would become the president.
If I were the president of America, I would relax.
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5) If one pronoun is sufficient to introduce a modifier, another pronoun is not needed.
5) If one pronoun is sufficient to introduce a modifier, another pronoun is not needed. E.g. Astronomers have discovered a supernova, one that they believe is of a type unknown. – Incorrect
Astronomers have discovered a supernova, one they believe to be of a type unknown. – correct
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List of verbs normally followed by Infinitives
afford | agree | appear | arrange | ask | attempt | care | choose | claim | come | consent
dare | decide | demand | deserve | determine | elect | endeavour | expect | fail | get | guarentee
hate | help | hesitate | hope | hurry | incline | intend | learn | long | manage | mean | need
offer | plan | prepare | pretend | promise | refuse | resolve | say | seem | tend | threaten | want | wish
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List of verbs normally followed by Infinitives 2
hate | help | hesitate | hope | hurry | incline | intend | learn | long | manage | mean | need
offer | plan | prepare | pretend | promise | refuse | resolve | say | seem | tend | threaten | want | wish
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List of verbs that can only have gerunds after them
List of verbs that can only have gerunds after them
acknowledge | admit | adore | anticipate | appreciate | avoid | celebrate | confess | contemplate
delay | deny | describe | detest | discuss | dislike | dread | endure |
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List of verbs that can only have gerunds after them 2
enjoy
fancy | finish | imagine | involve | keep | justify | mention | mind | miss | omit | postpone | practise
quit | recall | recommend | regret | report | resent | resume | risk | suggest | tolerate | understand
e.g. anticipate implementing is correct (Anticipate to implement is wrong).
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NOTE: e.g. anticipate implementing is correct (Anticipate to implement is wrong).
Even though she didn't anticipate manager's proposal to strengthen her department.
A) to implement it, the advertising manager agreed with the personal
B) implementing it, the advertising manager agreed with the personal
C) implementing it, the advertising manager agreed with the personnel
D) to implement it, the advertising manager agreed with the personnel
E) implementing it, the advertising manager agreed to the personnel
Even though she didn't anticipate manager's proposal to strengthen her department.
A) to implement it, the advertising manager agreed with the personal
B) implementing it, the advertising manager agreed with the personal
C) implementing it, the advertising manager agreed with the personnel
D) to implement it, the advertising manager agreed with the personnel
E) implementing it, the advertising manager agreed to the personnel
(E) NOTE: all answer choices are indeed different here. 'Personal' deals with a person's own special things; 'Personnel' deals with a lot of people. Verbs like 'anticipate' must be followed by a gerund, the verb form in '-ing'. The correct idiom usage should read: a person 'agrees with' another person, not with an inanimate thing such as a proposal. Therefore, she agrees 'to the proposal.' (E) is correct.
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a. Simple Present tense: To express an action that is repeated as usual. It can be a habit, a hobby, a daily/scheduled event etc.
a. Simple Present tense: To express an action that is repeated as usual. It can be a habit, a hobby, a daily/scheduled event etc.
e.g. I play tennis
I like to sing.
She always forgets her purse
Cats like milk.
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b. Simple past tense: Used to denote an action that started and finished at a specific time in the past.
b. Simple past tense: Used to denote an action that started and finished at a specific time in the past.
e.g. I saw a movie yesterday
She washed her car
I didn’t see a movie yesterday.
I finished work, walked to the beach and found a place to swim.
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Imperfect : When I paid her one-dollar, she answered my question.
When I paid her one-dollar, she answered my question.
When clauses are very important, because they happen first when both clauses are in simple past tense.
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imperfect cnt.
When he had run for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, Carl Stokes won the election, proving that an African American candidate can be elected in a city in which African Americans constitute a minority of the population.
(A) When he had run for mayor of Cleveland in 1968,
(B) He ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, and
(C) Running, in 1968, for mayor of Cleveland,
(D) When he ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1968,
(E) In 1968 he had run for mayor of Cleveland, and
Choice (D)
Step 1: Look at the verb tenses. Is "had run" correct? No; "ran" would be better. Therefore eliminate choices (A) and (E).
Step 2: Is "ran" better than "running"? Yes, so eliminate choice (C). Finally, choice (B) doesn't fit with the rest of the sentence.
Step 3: Choice (D) remains.
Step 4: When he ran for mayor of Cleveland in 1968, Carl Stokes won the election, proving that an African American candidate can be elected in a city in which African Americans constitute a minority of the population. Yes.
98
Have Been
For some birds the sense of smell appears to play a role in navigation, since pigeons with surgically removed olfactory nerves "were found to have increased difficulties" in homing.
For some birds the sense of smell appears to play a role in navigation, since pigeons with surgically removed olfactory nerves were found to have increased difficulties in homing.
(A) were found to have increased difficulties
(B) have been found to have increased difficulty
(C) were found to have increasing difficulty
(D) had been found to have increased difficulties
(E) have been found to have increasing difficulties
Have been is used to describe an action that started in the past, and still continues.
answer is B
99
Had Been
To show that a thing started in the past, and continued till some time in the past.
HAD BEEN
To show that a thing started in the past, and continued till some time in the past.
e.g. I had been waiting there for 5 hours before she finally arrived. (She finally arrived, which is in the past, and had been waiting started 5 hours before she arrived).
It can also be used to denote an action in past that occurred before some other action in past (Cause and effect)
e.g. Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
100
THE EXPLETIVE ‘IT’ and 2 questions, testing the same fundamentals:
1) For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed.
a. they originally seemed
b. they originally seem to
c. they seemingly would cost originally
d. it seemed originally
e. it originally seemed they would.
2) Researchers are finding out that plastics are taking more time to deteriorate than they originally seemed.
A) They originally seemed.
B) they seemed originally
C) it seemed that they would originally
D) it originally seemed
E) it originally seemed they would
THE EXPLETIVE ‘IT’ and 2 questions, testing the same fundamentals:
1)
a. they originally seemed
b. they originally seem to
c. they seemingly would cost originally
d. it seemed originally
e. it originally seemed they would.- correct
In the first example, we are saying that something turned out to be true. In the second example, we are saying that we were not aware of a fact that was true at that time.
And in the charter vacations question, there is no fact that the travelers were unaware of when they purchased the charter vacation--after the original purchase of the charter vacation (and probably toward the end of the vacation), the charter vacation turned out to be more costly than they had at first believed it would be.
2) Researchers are finding out that plastics are taking more time to deteriorate than they originally seemed.
A) They originally seemed.
B) they seemed originally
C) it seemed that they would originally
D) it originally seemed
E) it originally seemed they would
From Kaplan: The Kaplan thing says about this. (About plastics)
'The tricky part is to choose between it and they. 'They' would imply that the plastics themselves first seemed to do one thing and then ended up doing another. The expletive 'it', the pronoun with no clear antedecent - makes more sense, it simply suggests that initial indications were misleading. Using 'it', it is necessary to include the phrase 'they would' to make it clear what seemed to be the case. So E is the best answer.
101
Expletive it cont card 2
2) Researchers are finding out that plastics are taking more time to deteriorate than they originally seemed.
A) They originally seemed.
B) they seemed originally
C) it seemed that they would originally
D) it originally seemed
E) it originally seemed they would
Erin says: (About charter vacations)
B would need to be in past tense, seemed. In fact, I often teach GMAT and TOEFL students that the words original (and its derivations) and first usually require past tense.
Furthermore, the "past future" of would in E is more precise than the simple past in A (or that B is lacking, in case you're going to ask if B would be correct if we changed seem to seemed). Since we're talking about something we'd learn after a certain point in the past, would is better.
For example:
* This Acura is a lot better than I thought it would be.
is better than
* This Acura is a lot better than I thought it was.
102
It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as those that are against a person.
(A) those that are against a
(B) those against a
(C) it is against a
(D) preventing those against a
(E) it is to prevent those against a
It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as those that are against a person.
(A) those that are against a
(B) those against a
(C) it is against a
(D) preventing those against a
(E) it is to prevent those against a
Answer is E, for the expletive it.
103
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
(E) flourishing at the same time as those were
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
(E) flourishing at the same time as those were
A is the answer
104
Propositions:
During the recession of 1973, home mortgage foreclosures resulted in tens of thousands of Americans being evicted from homes that they can no longer afford monthly payments.
(A) that they can
(B) that they could
(C) on which they can
(D) because they can
(E) for which they could
E is correct. B would need a for at the end. ‘that they could no longer afford monthly payments for’.
Propositions:
During the recession of 1973, home mortgage foreclosures resulted in tens of thousands of Americans being evicted from homes that they can no longer afford monthly payments.
(A) that they can
(B) that they could
(C) on which they can
(D) because they can
(E) for which they could
E is correct. B would need a for at the end. ‘that they could no longer afford monthly payments for’.
105
USE of BEING
Framed by traitorous colleagues, Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned for twelve years before there was exoneration and his freedom.
(A) there was exoneration and his freedom
(B) he was to be exonerated with freedom
(C) being exonerated and freed
(D) exoneration and his freedom
(E) being freed, having been exonerated
Framed by traitorous colleagues, Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned for twelve years before there was exoneration and his freedom.
(A) there was exoneration and his freedom
(B) he was to be exonerated with freedom
(C) being exonerated and freed
(D) exoneration and his freedom
(E) being freed, having been exonerated
C is correct. The main thing here is that we do not have the best option available to us:
before he was exonerated and freed
The second best option would be:
before being exonerated and freed
106
WHO v/s. THAT v/s. WHICH
Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or thing(team, army etc. are referred to by that or which).
Examples Glen is the one who rescued the bird.
Georgia is on the team that won first place.
She belongs to an organization that specializes in saving endangered species.
As a result of medical advances, many people that might at one time have died as children of such infections as diphtheria, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever now live well into old age.
(A) that might at one time have died as children
(B) who might once have died in childhood
(C) that as children might once have died
(D) who in childhood might have at one time died
(E) who, when they were children, might at one time have died
People, so who is required. Hence B is the answer.
107
WHO v/s. THAT v/s. WHICH
As a result of medical advances, many people that might at one time have died as children of such infections as diphtheria, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever now live well into old age.
(A) that might at one time have died as children
(B) who might once have died in childhood
(C) that as children might once have died
(D) who in childhood might have at one time died
(E) who, when they were children, might at one time have died
WHO v/s. THAT v/s. WHICH
Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or thing(team, army etc. are referred to by that or which).
Examples Glen is the one who rescued the bird.
Georgia is on the team that won first place.
She belongs to an organization that specializes in saving endangered species.
As a result of medical advances, many people that might at one time have died as children of such infections as diphtheria, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever now live well into old age.
(A) that might at one time have died as children
(B) who might once have died in childhood
(C) that as children might once have died
(D) who in childhood might have at one time died
(E) who, when they were children, might at one time have died
People, so who is required. Hence B is the answer.
108
Test 14 date 11.16.23
Q. 15 While some propose to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by attempting to change people's attitudes toward pirating, others "by suggesting reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others by calling " for the prosecution of those who copy software illegally.
c. suggest the reduction of software prices for decreasing the incentive for pirating, and still others call
d. suggest the reduction of software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others by calling
e. suggest reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling
E is answer
by calling is wrong? has to be are, has to be a main verb..... some propose ....others suggest ......and others are calling, need verbs to be parallel, propose, suggest, are cannot have propose, suggest, by calling
decrease for or decrease to- that is correct
109
Test 14 date 11.16.23
Q. 16
A wildlife expert predicts that the reintroduction of the caribou into northern Minnesota "would fail if the density of hte timber wolf population in that region is more numerous than" one wolf for every 39 square miles"
A. same
B. would fail provided the density of the timber wolf population in the region is more than
C.should fail if hte timber wolf density in that region was greater than
D. will fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is greater than
E. will fail if the timber wolf density in that region were more numerous than
would = conditional
will- is absolutel like it will fail
but not really a gramatical difference between them
if have conditional would need a conditional if, for ex. If I went to Harvard, I would make more money. That is conditional if something happened that didn't happen this would happen. That isn't future, if talking about future has to be will
has to be a prediction, the wildlife expert predicts that if this will happen this will happen.......
more numerous than- density can't be more numerous, the wolf population can be numerous, but the density of wolf population can't be numerous, bc it sa ratio population density one person per square foot is ratio in nyc ratio can't be numerous only quantities can be numerous or more, ratios can't
A- wrong density cannot be numerous it is a ratio, measurement
B- density can't be more either, density isn't a quantity
Answer is D
110
Test 14 date 11.16.23
Q. 20
At shiprock, New Mexico, a perenially powerful girls high school basketball team has become a path to college for some adn a source of pride for a community "where the household incomes of 49 percent of them are" below the poverty level.
A. wrong
B. where they have 49 % of the household incomes
C. where 49 pecent of the household incomes are
D. which has 49 percent of the household incomes
E. in which 49 percent of them have household incomes
difference between which, in which and where here?
C
if end sentence in in then need in which
here is the bowl you can put your cereal in, here is the bowl in which you can put your cereal
111
Test 14 date 11.16.23
Q. 12 a number of linguists contend "that all of the thousands of languages spoken b hte world's five billion people can be traced back" to a common root language.
of which or for which, with which any preposition plus which only reason you would have that is if you are brining the preposition from the end of the sntence into which structure to make sure you don't end with a preposition
contend to.....
they contend to have found the secret
I contend that he is a liar
can't contend of
but to and that works
112
of which or for which, with which any preposition plus which only reason you would have that is if you are brining the preposition from the end of the sntence into which structure to make sure you don't end with a preposition
there goes the girl whom I went to prom with
in classical grammar you cannot end a sentence with a preposition with
correct: there goes the girl with whom I went to prom
113
Test 14 date 11.16.23
Q. 18
Found throughout Central adn South America, "sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep fifteen hours a day, moving infrequently enough" that two species of algae grow on its coat adn between its toes.
A. same
B. Sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep fifteen hours a day, and with such infrequency movements
C. sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep 15 hours a day, adn move so infrequency
D. The sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently
if sloth or the sloth jumping back between plural or singlular sloths, you have to notice that is what they are trying to do it has to be a number issue
ITS coat and between its toes so has to be the sloth HAS TO BE it singular!!!!
Answer is D
REASON TO SWITCH NOUN must check pronouns
114
not only but also
has to be same paralellism so for ex
not only on most loans to small and medium sized businesses, but also on
not only on .... but also on
