Sentences [101 - 110]

Question 1

107

… and sustainable management of water … is a major global challenge.

Answer 1

equitable

resources

Question 2

107
About one third of the world’s population lives in countries with … to high water … with … high impacts on the poor.

Answer 2

moderate

stress

disproportionately

Question 3

107
With … projected human population growth, industrial development and the … of irrigated agriculture in the next two …, water demand will rise to levels that will make the task of …. water for human …. more difficult.

the expansion of … agriculture

Answer 3

current 
expansion 
decades
providing 
sustenance 

irrigated
(irrigated land/farms/crops آبياري شده )

Question 4

107
Since its …., the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has worked to ….. sustainable water resources management practices through …… approaches at the national, regional and global levels.

Answer 4

establishment
promote
collaborative

Question 5

107
Since its establishment, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has worked to promote ….. water resources management practices …. collaborative …. at the national, regional and global levels.

Answer 5

sustainable
through
approaches

Question 6

107

After more than 30 years, water …. management continues to be a strong … of UNEP’s work.

Answer 6

resources

pillar

Question 7

107

UNEP is actively participating in … water issues together with partner UN …, other organizations and …..

Answer 7

addressing
agencies
donors

(donor =
a person, group etc that gives something, especially money, to help an organization or country :
»> We urgently need more assistance from donor countries (= countries that give money, food etc to help in poor countries or disaster areas ) .
»> An anonymous donor (= whose name is unknown ) has given £500 towards the restoration fund.)

Question 8

107
They facilitate and …. water resource assessments in various developing countries; …. projects that assist countries in developing …. water resource management plans; create … of innovative alternative technologies;

Answer 8

catalyse
implement
integrated
awareness

(catalyse (US: catalyze )
موجب آغاز شدن يا موفق شدن چيزي شدن
= to make something start happening or start being successful:
»> Will this be enough to catalyse the country’s moribund industry?

Question 9

107
With current …. human population growth, industrial development and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades.

Answer 9

projected

project = to calculate what something will be in the future
»> The company projected an annual growth rate of 3%.
»> projected sales figures
+ be projected to do something
»> Total expenditure is projected to rise by 25%.

Question 10

108
Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as … as 1550. These …roads … of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater …than over dirt roads.

Answer 10

early
primitive
consisted
ease

as early as = You can use “as early as” to emphasize that a particular time or period is surprisingly early.
[emphasis]
»> Inflation could fall back into single figures as early as this month.
»> as early as 1838.

Question 11

108
… 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts. Wagonways …. into Tramways and spread ….. Europe.

Answer 11

By
evolved
throughout
——————–
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time :
»> The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
Businesses need to evolve rapidly.

+ evolve out of
The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists.

+ evolve into
به تدريج تبديل به چيز ديگري شدن - به تدريج شكل گرفتن
»> The group gradually evolved into a political party.

Question 12

108
Horses, …, still provided all the pulling power. In 1789. Englishman William Jessup designed the first wagons with … wheels. The … was groove that allowed the wheels to better …the rail, this was an important design that carried …to later locomotive.

Answer 12

however
flanged 
flange 
grip 
over 
---------------------
\+ groove / ɡruːv / noun [ countable ] 
 a thin line cut into a hard surface : 
                           يك خط باريك كه بر روي يك سطح ايجاد شده است
>>> The bolt slid easily into the groove. 
>>> a shallow groove cut into the cliff 

+ carry over =
به همان شكل وجود داشتن يا به همان شكل ادامه يافتن /
منجر شدن
if something is carried over into a new situation, it continues to exist in the new situation :
»> The pain and violence of his childhood were carried over into his marriage.

Question 13

101
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art … that began as a … association of Paris-based artists who started publicly …. their art in the 1860s.

Answer 13

movement
loose / private
exhibiting
—————

loose:      / luːs / 
not firmly fastened in place : 
>>> a loose floorboard 
>>> This tooth feels very loose. 
>>> The screw has come loose (= became loose ) . 

not exact or thoroughly done :
»> a loose translation
»> a loose interpretation of the law

Question 14

101
…. of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, …… on light in its changing qualities

The name of the movement is …from Claude Monet’s Impression, Sunrise.

Critic Louis Leroy ….. coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.

Answer 14

Characteristics
emphasis

derived

inadvertently

Question 15

101

Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently … the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.

Answer 15

coined

= to invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use :
»> The word ‘aromatherapy’ was coined in the 1920s.

Question 16

101
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists ….. the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing …. from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix.

Answer 16

broke

inspiration

+++ draw/take/derive inspiration from something
(= get inspiration )
»> She draws inspiration from mythology and folk stories.

Question 17

101
They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, … inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix.

Answer 17

drawing

+++ draw/take/derive inspiration from something
(= get inspiration )
»> She draws inspiration from mythology and folk stories.

Question 18

101

They also took the … of painting out of the studio and into the world.

Answer 18

act

Question 19

101
… , not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could … the momentary and … effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).

Answer 19

Previously
capture
transient

momentary / ˈməʊmənt ə ri $ ˈmoʊmənteri / adjective
= continuing for a very short time SYN brief :
»> There was a momentary pause.

transient / ˈtrænziənt $ ˈtrænʃ ə nt /
adjective formal
= continuing only for a short time : (عواطف) ناپايدار
»> transient fashions

Question 20

102
Impressionism is characterized by a …. with …. the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

Answer 20

concern

depicting

Question 21

102
Impressionism is …. by a concern with depicting the …. …… of the moment, especially in …. of the shifting effect of light and color.

Answer 21

characterized 
visual  
impression 
terms 
----------------

@@@ in terms of something
از منظر ِ چيزي - از زاويه ي چيزي خاص

if you explain or describe something in terms of a particular fact or event, you are explaining or describing it only in relation to that fact or event

+++ describe/measure/evaluate etc something in terms of something

> > > Femininity is still “defined in terms of” beauty.
It’s a mistake to “think of” Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions.
It’s too early to start talking in terms of casualties.
Did the experiment find any differences in terms of what children learned?

Question 22

102
The term impressionism …. from art critic Louis Leroy, who commented Monet’s painting ‘Impression: Soleil Levant’. Leroy said that it ……… was just an impression and that the work could not be …. finished.

Answer 22

originated
indeed
considered

indeed / ɪnˈdiːd / adverb
used to emphasize a statement or answer :
»> The blood tests prove that Vince is indeed the father.

Question 23

102
The impressionists adopted this term and decided to use it for their own …….. . Early Impressionist painters were …. in their time, breaking many of the rules of picture making that had been set by earlier …..

Answer 23

benefit (s nadarad)
radicals (s darad)
generations

Question 24

102
Early Impressionist painters were radicals in their time, …..many of the rules of picture making that had been set by ….. generations. …. …. the Impressionists, history had been the accepted …. of “…… ……….” for paintings.

Answer 24

breaking 
earlier      (previous    اشتباه است)
Up until 
source 
subject matter        (Collocation)

Question 25

103
The rest of the universe …. to be made of a mysterious, invisible ….. called dark matter and a force that …. gravity known as dark energy (70 percent).

Answer 25

appears به نظر مي رسد
substance
repels
——————-

appear
= seem :
used to say how something seems, especially from what you know about it or from what you can see

> > > Police say there appear to be signs of a break-in.

+++ appear to do something
»> The survey appears to contradict motor industry claims.

+++ it appears (that)
»> It appears that all the files have been deleted.
»> Police have found what appear to be human remains.
»> He tried to “make it appear that” she had committed suicide.

Question 26

103
Scientists have not yet …. dark matter directly. It doesn’t …. with baryonic matter and it’s completely …. to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to …. with current instruments.

Answer 26

observed 
interact
invisible
detect 
------------
invisible to 
>>> The plane is meant to be invisible to radar. 
>>> Using a telescope, Galileo discovered stars that were "invisible to the naked eye" . 

+++ virtually/practically/almost etc invisible

Question 27

103
It doesn’t interact with baryonic matter and it’s completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic …., making dark matter impossible to detect with …. instruments.

Answer 27

radiation

current

Question 28

103
Other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to …. with current instruments. But scientists are …. it …….. because of the …. effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy ….. .

Answer 28

detect 
confident 
gravitational 
exists 
clusters
------------------- 
a group of things of the same kind that are very close together 
\+++ cluster of 
>>> a cluster of low farm buildings 
>>> a diamond cluster ring

Question 29

104
Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a ……. stranger — or so says a new study from Harvard University, which shows that another person’s experience is often more …… than your own best guess.

Answer 29

total

/ ɪnfɔmətɪv $ -ɔr- / adjective

providing many useful facts or ideas :

> > > an informative and entertaining book
Jim found the library staff friendly and informative.
The lecture was very informative and helpful.

Question 30

104
The study, which appears in the …..issue of Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard and author of the 2007 bestseller Stumbling on Happiness, …. with Matthew Killingsworth and Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia.

Answer 30

current

along

Question 31

104
“If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience, you are better ……. knowing how much someone else enjoyed it than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says Gilbert. “Rather than closing our eyes and …..the future, we should …… the experience of those who have been there.

Answer 31

off
imagining
examine
————–

happier, improved, more successful etc
OPP worse off

+ better off with/without
»> I think she’s better off without him.

+ be better off doing something (= used to give advice or an opinion ) بهتراست كه
»> He’d be better off starting with something simpler.

Question 32

104
Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown that people have difficulty …….. what they will like and how much they will like it, which …. them to make a wide variety of …. decisions.

Answer 32

predicting
leads
poor

Question 33

104

…. aimed at …… the accuracy with which people …..future ….. have been generally unsuccessful.

Answer 33

Interventions
improving
imagine
events

Question 34

104
Interventions ………. at improving the ….. with which people imagine future events have been generally unsuccessful.

Answer 34

aimed 
accuracy 
-------------
aim something at somebody
=  to say or do something that is intended for a particular person or group of people : 

به هدف چيزي يا كسي كاري را انجام دادن - با هدف ِ كاري را انجام دادن

> > > a program that’s aimed at teenagers
The criticism wasn’t aimed at you.

Question 35

105
The precise relationship between fiction and life has been debated …… . …….. ……… critics agree that, whatever its apparent factual content or verisimilitude, fiction is finally to be regarded as a structured ….of life and should not be confused with a literal transcription of life itself. ……….. fiction is a work of the imagination rather than ……, it can also be based closely on real events, sometimes ……. by the author.

Answer 35

extensively
Most - modern
imitation
While

reality

experienced

Question 36

105
Most modern critics agree that, whatever its apparent factual content or ……..

fiction is finally to be regarded as a ……. imitation of life and should not be confused with a …….. ……. of life itself.

Answer 36

verisimilitude
structured

literal
transcription
———
/ verəsəmɪlətjud, verɪsəmɪlətjud $ -tud / noun [ uncountable ] formal

the quality of being true or real :
راستي - صحت

> > > ## questions about the verisimilitude of the documentthe literal meaning of a word or expression is its basic or original meaning → figurative
معنايي - ماهوي

+ literal meaning/sense/interpretation etc
»> A trade war is not a war in the literal sense.

Question 37

105
While fiction is a work of the ……… rather than reality.

Fiction is finally to be regarded as a structured …… of life.

Answer 37

imagination

imitation

Question 38

105
In a work of fiction, the author is not the same ……. the narrator, the ………. that tells the story. Authors …… a distance from their characters. Sometimes that distance is obvious for instance, if a male writer tells a story from the point of view of a female character. Other times it is not so obvious, especially if we know something of the author’s life and there are clear …….. between the story and the author s life.

Answer 38

as
voice
maintain

connections

Question 39

105
The writer of fiction is free to …… his or her ….. …… and is free to invent, select, and …… fictional elements to …….. his or her purpose. The elements of fiction are the different …………. that make ……… a work of fiction.
…… literature explores a theme or significant truth expressed in various elements such as character, plot, setting, point of view, style, and tone that are essential and specific to …….. work of fiction.

Answer 39

choose
subject matter
arrange
achieve

components
up

All

each

Question 40

105
All of these elements …….. a literary work into a consistent whole and give it unity. Understanding these elements can help the reader …… insight …. life, human motives, and experience. Such insight is one of the principal …. of an effective work of fiction; when readers are …. to perceive it, they develop a sense of literary ….. that is capable of …… their lives. The following sections describe elements that should be considered in the …….. of fiction.

Answer 40

bind
gain

about
aims (principal + aims)

able
judgment
enriching

analysis

Question 41

105
All of these elements ……… a literary work into a …. whole.

Understanding these elements can help the reader gain ….. about life.

Such insight is one of the ………. aims of an effective work of fiction; when readers are able to …… it.

Answer 41

bind
consistent (consistent + whole)

insight

principal
perceive

Question 42

106
Allergies are abnormal immune system ….. to things that are typically …… to most people. When you’re allergic to something, your immune system ……. believes that this ……… is harmful to your body.

Answer 42

reactions (reaction + to)
harmless

mistakenly
substance

Question 43

106
Substances that cause allergic reactions such as certain foods, dust, plant ….., or medicines are known as …… . In an attempt to …….. the body, the immune system produces the ……….. to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to …….. chemicals into the ………., one of which is histamine.

Answer 43

pollen
allergens    (o nadarad)
protect 
antibodies 
release 
bloodstream      (sar-ham ast)

Question 44

106
The histamine then ……… on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or …………. tract and causes the ……. of the allergic reaction. Future …….. to that same allergen will ……… this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you’ll have some form of allergy symptoms.

Answer 44

acts
gastrointestinal
symptoms

exposure
trigger (= cause to happen)

Question 45

106

Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody …………. again.

Answer 45

response

Question 46

109
In animals, movement is ….. by a ……. of neurons in the spinal cord called the central ……… generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to ……. rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the ….. of ………. . A simple signal from the brain ………. the CPG to switch between different ……… , such as going from a standstill to walking.

Answer 46

coordinated 
cluster 
pattern 
contract 
pattern 
pulses

instructs
modes

Question 47

109
In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that …… muscles to contract ……… in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to ………. between different modes, such as going from a ……….. to walking.

Answer 47

drive

rhythmically

switch

standstill

Question 48

110
Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do ……… . After these have been done, they get their …….. . Then there are a lot of …. from scientists. The scientists around the world have a …… of world.

Answer 48

experiment
results
data
picture

Question 49

110
Scientists ……. observations, ………. assumptions and …….. experiment. After these have been done, they ………. their results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of world.

Answer 49

make (+ observation)
have
do (+ experiment)

get