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Topic P5 - Physics > Separate Physics Foundation 6.5 > Flashcards

Separate Physics Foundation 6.5 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are physical quantities with only magnitude (and no direction)?

A

Scalar quantities

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2
Q

What are physical quantities with magnitude and direction?

A

Vector quantities

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3
Q

Give some examples of scalar quantities

A
  • Speed
  • Distance
  • Mass
  • Temperature
  • Time
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4
Q

Give some examples of vector quantities

A
  • Force
  • Velocity
  • Displacement
  • Acceleration
  • Momentum
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5
Q

What does the arrow for a vector quantity show?

A

The length of the arrow shows the magnitude and the direction of the arrow shows the direction of the vector quantity

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6
Q

What is a force?

A

A push or pull acting on an object due to the interaction with another object

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7
Q

What are forces between objects classified as?

A

Contact or non-contact forces

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8
Q

Describe contact forces

A

Objects which are physically touching

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9
Q

Describe non-contact forces

A

Objects are physically separated

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10
Q

Give some examples of contact forces

A
  • Friction
  • Air resistance
  • Tension
  • Normal contact force
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11
Q

Give some examples of non-contact forces

A
  • Gravitational force
  • Electrostatic force
  • Magnetic force
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12
Q

What type of quantity is force?

A

A vector quantity

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13
Q

What is weight?

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity

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14
Q

What cause the force of gravity close to the Earth?

A

The gravitational field around the Earth

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15
Q

If mass it constant, what can affect the weight of an object?

A

The gravitational field strength at the point where the object is

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16
Q

How can the weight of an object be calculated?

A
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17
Q

What are the units for gravitational field strength?

A

Gravitational field strength, g, measured in N/kg

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18
Q

What is an object’s centre of mass?

A

The weight of an object acting at a single point

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19
Q

What does W ∝ m mean?

A

The weight and mass of an object are directly proportional

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20
Q

How is weight measured?

A

A calibrated spring-balance (newton meter)

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21
Q

What is a ‘resultant force’

A

A single force, replacing a number of forces, acting upon an object

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22
Q

What has happened if a resultant force moves an object?

A

Work is done

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23
Q

What is the equation for work done?

A
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24
Q

When a force causes an object to move through a distance what has happened?

A

Work is done on the object so a force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object

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25
What is one joule of work done?
When a force of one newton causes a displacement of one metre
26
What does 1 joule equal?
1 newton-metre
27
What happens to temperature when work done occurs against frictional forces on an object?
Temperature increases
28
How many forces need to change the shape of an object (by bending, stretching or compressing)?
More than one
29
What has happened if an object has been inelastically deformed?
It doesn’t return to its original shape and length after a force has been removed
30
What has happened if an object has been elastically deformed?
It returns to its original shape and length after a force has been removed
31
What has happened if an object has been elastically deformed?
The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied
32
What is the equation for force (in relation to elasticity)
33
When a spring is compressed what does the ‘e’ in ‘F = k e’ represent?
‘e’ would be the compression of the object (the difference between the natural and compressed lengths)
34
Why type of energy is stored when a force does work on a spring?
Elastic potential energy
35
Separate Q. What may cause an object to rotate?
A force or a system of forces
36
Separate Q. What is a moment
A turning effect of a force
37
Separate Q. How can the size of a moment be calculated?
38
Separate Q. What moments are experienced by a balanced object?
The total clockwise and total anticlockwise moments about the pivot are equal
39
Separate Q. What can be used to transmit rotational effects of forces?
Simple levers and simple gear systems
40
Separate Q. What is a fluid?
A liquid or a gas
41
Separate Q. How can pressure in fluids be described?
The pressure causes a force normal (at right angles) to any surface
42
Separate Q. How can the pressure at the surface of a fluid be calculated?
43
Separate Q. What is the atmosphere around Earth and how does it change with altitude?
A thin layer of air around the Earth which gets less dense with increasing altitude
44
Separate Q. What causes atmospheric pressure?
Air molecules colliding with a surface
45
Separate Q. Why does atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude?
The number of air molecules (and therefore the weight) decreases with an increase in height
46
What is distance?
How far an object moves (a scalar quantity) which does not involve direction
47
What is displacement?
Displacement includes both the distance an object moves and the direction (a vector quantity)
48
What does speed not involve?
Direction (it is a scalar quantity)
49
What are typical speed values for someone walking, running and cycling (m/s)
* Walking 1.5 m/s * Running 3 m/s * Cycling 6 m/s
50
Is the speed of sound (and that of the wind) constant?
No – the speed of sound (and that of the wind) can vary
51
What is the typical value for the speed of sound (m/s)
330 m/s
52
How can distance travelled be calculated?
53
What is the velocity of an object?
Velocity is speed, in a given direction (a vector quantity)
54
If an object is moving in a straight line how can the distance travelled be represented?
Distance-time graph
55
How can the speed of an object be calculated in a distance-time graph?
The gradient
56
Annotate the following distance-time graph:
57
How can acceleration be calculated?
58
What is happening to an object which is slowing down?
It is decelerating
59
Draw a velocity-time graph for two vehicles – one with a constant acceleration and one with a constant acceleration, a constant velocity and a constant deceleration
60
What is the acceleration of any free-falling object near the Earth’s surface?
9.8 m/s2
61
What initially causes an object falling through a fluid to accelerate?
The force of gravity
62
Why does an object reach terminal velocity?
The resultant force becomes zero
63
What does Newton’s First Law state (for a stationary object)?
If the resultant force is zero a stationary object remains stationary
64
What does Newton’s First Law state (for a moving object)?
If the resultant force is zero a moving object continues to move at the same velocity
65
How can the forces be described for a vehicle moving at a steady speed?
The resistive forces balance the driving force
66
What causes the velocity of an object to change?
The resultant force acting on the object must change
67
What is Newton’s Second Law?
The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object (and inversely proportional to the mass of the object)
68
What is the equation for Newton’s Second Law?
69
What are typical everyday speeds for cars, trains and planes?
* Car 25 m/s * Train 55 m/s * Plane 250 m/s
70
What is Newton’s Third Law?
Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
71
How can the stopping distance of a vehicle be calculated?
The sum of the thinking distance and the braking distance
72
What is thinking distance?
The distance covered during the driver’s reaction time
73
What is braking distance?
The distance covered during the braking force
74
For a given braking force, what does greater speed cause?
A greater stopping distance
75
What are ‘typical’ reaction times?
0.2 s to 0.9 s
76
What can affect a driver’s reaction time?
* Tiredness * Drugs * Alcohol
77
What can affect the braking distance of a vehicle?
* Road conditions * Weather conditions (wet / ice) * Vehicle conditions (brake / tyre quality etc…)
78
What happens when a force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle (in terms of energy)?
Work done by the friction force between the brakes and wheel reduces kinetic energy of the vehicle (and brake temperature increases)
79
How does increases the speed of a vehicle affect the braking force?
A greater braking force is needed to stop the vehicle in a given distance
80
What does a greater braking force allow?
A greater deceleration
81
What can large decelerations lead to?
Brakes overheating / loss of control
82
How is momentum calculated?
83
What is the conservation of momentum?
In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total after an event
84
Separate Q. What happens to momentum when a force acts on a object that is moving or able to move?
A change in momentum occurs
85
Separate Q. What safety features are present to reduce momentum changes?
Air bags, seat belts, crash mats, cycle helmets, cushioned surfaces etc… All aiming to reduce momentum change

Topic P5 - Physics (4 decks)

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