Seperate Chem 2 (ions,hydrocarbons,properties) Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by a CH₂ unit.
What are alkanes and their general formula?
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only. Their general formula is CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
How do alkenes differ from alkanes?
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Their general formula is CₙH₂ₙ.
What is the test for alkenes?
Alkenes decolorize bromine water, turning it from orange to colorless, indicating the presence of a double bond.
What are alcohols and their general formula?
Alcohols are organic compounds containing the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Their general formula is CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH.
How are carboxylic acids characterized?
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group and have the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH.
What is esterification?
Esterification is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing an ester and water, typically in the presence of an acid catalyst.
How can ethanol be produced?
Ethanol can be produced by:
• Fermentation: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (using yeast, anaerobic conditions, 30–40°C).
• Hydration of ethene: Ethene + Steam → Ethanol (using a phosphoric acid catalyst at high temperature and pressure).
What are polymers?
Polymers are large molecules made by joining many small monomers together through polymerization.
What is addition polymerization?
Addition polymerization involves unsaturated monomers (like alkenes) joining together without the loss of any small molecules, forming a polymer.
What is condensation polymerization?
Condensation polymerization involves monomers with two functional groups reacting to form a polymer and releasing small molecules like water.
What are the properties and uses of polyesters?
Polyesters are condensation polymers known for their strength, durability, and resistance to stretching and shrinking. They are used in fabrics, bottles, and films.
How can you identify functional groups in organic compounds?
Functional groups can be identified by specific chemical reactions:
• Alkenes: Decolorize bromine water.
• Alcohols: React with sodium to produce hydrogen gas.
• Carboxylic acids: React with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
What is the importance of functional groups in organic chemistry?
Functional groups determine the chemical properties and reactions of organic molecules, allowing classification and prediction of behavior.
What are the environmental concerns associated with polymers?
Many polymers are non-biodegradable, leading to accumulation in landfills and oceans, harming wildlife and ecosystems.
How can the environmental impact of polymers be reduced?
By developing biodegradable polymers, recycling existing plastics, and reducing the use of single-use plastics.
What are biodegradable polymers?
Biodegradable polymers are designed to break down by the action of microorganisms, reducing environmental impact.
What is the role of catalysts in polymerization?
Catalysts speed up the polymerization process, allowing reactions to occur under milder conditions and improving efficiency.
How are esters used in everyday life?
Esters are used in fragrances, flavorings, and as solvents due to their pleasant smells and volatility.
What is the significance of fermentation in ethanol production?
Fermentation is a renewable method of producing ethanol, utilizing biomass and producing fewer greenhouse gases compared to petrochemical methods.
