Seperating Mixtures Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are the three states of matter?
Solids, liquids, gases
States of matter refer to the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on.
Describe the arrangement of particles in solids.
Regular arrangement, vibrate in fixed positions
Solids maintain a definite shape due to the fixed positions of their particles.
Describe the arrangement of particles in liquids.
Irregular arrangement, move around randomly
Liquids take the shape of their container but have a definite volume.
Describe the arrangement of particles in gases.
Widely spaced, move around randomly
Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume.
What are the limitations of particle models?
- They don’t show forces between particles
- Real particles aren’t all solid spheres
- Real particles are arranged in three dimensions
These limitations affect the accuracy of the models in representing real substances.
What does (s), (l), (g), and (aq) represent in chemical equations?
- (s) = solid
- (l) = liquid
- (g) = gas
- (aq) = dissolved in water
These symbols are used to indicate the state of substances in a chemical reaction.
What happens to solids when heated?
They melt to become liquids
Heating can cause a phase change from solid to liquid.
What happens to liquids when heated?
They boil or evaporate to become gases
This phase change occurs at the boiling point of the liquid.
What occurs when gases are cooled?
They condense to become liquids
Cooling gas leads to a phase transition to liquid.
Define a pure substance.
Contains a single element or compound
Pure substances have consistent properties and composition.
What is the everyday meaning of ‘pure’?
A substance that is natural or has nothing added
In common usage, ‘pure’ does not strictly refer to chemical purity.
What are the melting and boiling points of pure water?
- Melts at exactly 0°C
- Boils at exactly 100°C
These temperatures are fixed for pure water under standard atmospheric pressure.
How do impurities affect melting and boiling points?
- Decrease melting point and increase its range
- Increase boiling point and increase its range
Impurities disrupt the orderly structure of a substance.
What are the three classifications of substances?
- Elements
- Compounds
- Mixtures
These classifications are based on the composition and bonding of the substances.
What is an element?
Made of one type of atom
Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
What is a compound?
Made of different types of atoms, chemically bonded
Compounds have unique properties different from their constituent elements.
What is a mixture?
Different types of substances, not chemically bonded
Mixtures can often be separated by physical means.
What is a molecule?
Made of two or more atoms bonded together
Molecules can consist of the same or different types of atoms.
What is a solution?
A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
What is a saturated solution?
Has the maximum amount of solute dissolved
At saturation, no more solute can dissolve in the solvent.
What is a formulation?
A mixture of specific ingredients designed as a useful product
Formulations are tailored for specific functions in various industries.
What is the purpose of emulsifiers in formulations?
Make ingredients mix properly
Emulsifiers help stabilize mixtures of oil and water.
How can a mixture of an insoluble solid and a liquid be separated?
By filtration
Filtration utilizes a barrier to separate solid residue from liquid filtrate.
What is the process of crystallisation used for?
To separate a dissolved solute from a solution
This process involves evaporating the solvent to leave the solute behind.
