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MLS Immunology > Serology of Viral Infections (Exam 3-5a) > Flashcards

Serology of Viral Infections (Exam 3-5a) Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the immune system respond to viral infection?

A

Cell mediated: presentation to cytotoxic and helper Ts by MHC I.

Humoral: Neutralization by Abs, Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement activation

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2
Q

How do viruses evade the immune system?

A

Frequent genetic mutation (antigenic shift), Specific mechanisms (such as interferons and complement), direct suppression of immune system (down-regulation of MHC), or by remaining latent (ex. CMV, VZV, HIV).

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3
Q

What are the common immunological tests to diagnose viral infections?

A

Antibody tests for IgG and IgM

Antigen tests using EIA

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4
Q

What are the common molecular tests to diagnose viral infections?

A

Nucleic Acid Test (NAAT or NAT) and syndrome specific multiplex PCR

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5
Q

What are two forms of testing that are not so commonly used for detection of viruses?

A

Culture and electron microscopy

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6
Q

What does elevated IgG tell you about an adult?

A

They may have a current infection, past infection or immunity

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7
Q

What does elevated IgM tell you about an adult?

A

Current or recent infection

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8
Q

What does elevated IgM tell you about a newborn?

A

Indicates congenital infection

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9
Q

What does elevated IgG tell you about a newborn?

A

Maternal antibodies have crossed the placenta

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10
Q

What sort of test is best to detect active infection, monitor therapy, and is sometimes used a confirmatory test?

A

Molecular tests

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11
Q

What is the standard for care of sterile fluids?

A

PCR

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12
Q

What are some of the other viral causes of Hepatitis?

A

CMV, EBV, HSV, and West Nile

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13
Q

What stage if hepatitis is described below?
Fatigue, fever, myalgia, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and mild pain in the abdomen (RUQ).

A

Early/acute phase

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14
Q

What stage if hepatitis is described below?

Liver enlargement, tenderness, jaundice, dark urine, light or clay-colored feces

A

Progression

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15
Q

What stage if hepatitis is described below?

Liver failure and death

A

Fulminant

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16
Q

What are the main complications of chronic hepatitis?

A

Cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer, and kidney disease

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17
Q

What is considered chronic hepatitis?

A

Persistence of hepatitis virus in the body for 6 months or more

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18
Q

Which two types of hepatitis are known for coinfection?

A

Hep B and Hep D

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19
Q

Which type of hepatitis is not able to replicate without the help of another HV?

A

Hep D

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20
Q

When a person simultaneously acquires two types of hepatitis what is this called?

A

Coinfection

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21
Q

When a chronic HBV carrier acquires HDV this is called what?

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A

Superinfection

22
Q

Is someone with a coinfection of HBV and HDV likely to develop a chronic state?

23
Q

Is someone with a superinfection of HBV and HDV likely to develop a chronic state?

24
Q

Picornaviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?

25
Hepadnaviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?
Hep B
26
Flaviviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?
Hep C
27
Deltavirus is responsible for which type of hepatitis?
Hep D
28
Hepeviridae is responsible for which type of hepatitis?
Hep E
29
What family of virus causes localized skin infection that disseminates to numerous organs?
Herpesviridae
30
Does herpesviridae have a latent phase?
Yes
31
What family of viruses can cause cardiac and neurological involvement if left untreated?
Herpesviridae
32
What are the clinical syndromes of EBV?
Teenagers and adults will show symptoms, but get better within 2-4 weeks; EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancies (Burkitt lymphoma) - usually in immunocompromised
33
How is EBV transmitted?
Spread by contact with body fluids, especially saliva.
34
What is a heterophile antibody and what is its diagnostic significance?
Antibodies induced by external antigens (heterophile antigens). Some cross-react with self-antigens
35
What do the following lab findings describe? Absolute lymphocytosis, 20% or more atypical lymphocytes, heterophile antibodies (monospot +)
Infectious mononucleosis (IM)
36
IgM produced as a result of polyclonal B-cell activation, capable of reacting with horse RBCs, sheep RBCs, and bovine RBCs
Heterophile Ab associated w/ IM
37
Tests the ability of serum absorbed with guinea pig kidney or beef erythrocyte antigens to agglutinate horse RBCs
Classic lab test "monospot"
38
Incubate serial dilutions of the patient's serum w/ sheep RBC's to determine antibody titer
Paul Bunnell test
39
Version of the Paul Bunnell test where the beef RBC antigens are bound to latex particles (aka solid phase EIA)
Is the current heterophile antibody test for IM; also called latex agglutination
40
What may bring a false positive in heterophile ab testing for EBV/IM?
lymphoma, viral hepatitis, malaria, and autoimmune disorder
41
For whom may false positive positives be the result of heterophile ab testing for EBV/IM?
10% of adults, up to 50% in children under 12, and immunocompromised patients
42
Is heterophile or monospot the preferred method by the CDC?
No
43
What is VCA?
The viral capsid antigens found in EBV
44
What is EA?
Early antigen found in EBV
45
What is EBNA
EBV nuclear antigen
46
Which EBV Ab declines after peaking, but persists?
anti-VCA IgG
47
Which EBV Ab declines to undetectable after the acute phase?
anti-EA IgG
48
Which EBV Ab is absent during the acute phase then appears and persists for life?
anti-EBNA
49
What are the three routes of transmission for HIV?
Sexual, parenteral (blood and other body fluids), and perinatal
50
Can HIV be transmitted via saliva, urine, feces, sputum, sweat, vomit, or tears?
No

MLS Immunology (7 decks)

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