Serum Protein Eletcrophoresis Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Proteis
A
“first rank of importance”
2
Q
Complex macromolecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
A
Proteins
3
Q
Proteins are made up of _______
A
Amino acids
4
Q
If carboxyl group is directly attached to the central carbon ____________
A
Alpha carboxyl group
5
Q
If amino group is directly attached to the central carbon __________
A
Primary amino group
6
Q
Not directly bound called imino group (secondary amino group)
A
Proline
7
Q
T/F: Proteins at their isoelectric point (where pH is zero), they are basic charged
A
FALSE: Neutrally charged
8
Q
Structure of proteins are bounded by _________
A
Peptide bonds
9
Q
Sequence of a chain of amino acids
A
Primary protein structure
10
Q
T/F: In Primary protein structure, it is important to know the amino acid presents as any change can make it nonfunctional
A
TRUE
11
Q
A-chain: _____ amino acids
A
141
12
Q
B-chain: _____ amino acids
A
146
13
Q
If <146 amino acids = _______ (quantitative defect)
A
Thalassemia
14
Q
If 6th amino acid becomes glutamic acid to valine = ________
A
HbSS
15
Q
Qualitative defect in the globin chain
A
Hemoglobinopathy
16
Q
Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
A
Secondary protein structure
17
Q
Most common produced in Secondary protein structure
A
Helix
18
Q
Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
A
Tertiary protein structure
19
Q
Tertiary protein structure forms how many protein molecule?
A
1
20
Q
Product of Tertiary protein structure
A
One (1) protein structure
21
Q
Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
A
Quaternary protein structure
22
Q
All proteins in the body is synthesized by the liver except for immunoglobulins which is produced by the __________
A
Plasma cells
23
Q
Synthesis of proteins are specified by the ______
A
DNA
24
Q
T/F: Protein causes the variation of people
A
TRUE
25
Protein is transcribed by the mRNA which occurs in the ________
Nucleus
26
Translation in mRNA developed into protein occurs in the _____/_______
Ribosome/Cytoplasm
27
Enumerate the classification of proteins
Sample protein
Conjugated proteins
28
Enumerate the types of Simple protein
Globular protein
Fibrous protein
29
Contains a peptide chain of amino acids.
Simple proteins
30
Symmetrical proteins that are water soluble
Globular protein
31
Functions as transporter, enzymes and messengers
Globular protein
32
Example of Globular protein:
Albumin
Hemoglobin
IgA
IgM
IgG
33
Long protein filaments, asymmetrical and usually inert (provides structure)
Fibrous protein
34
T/F: Fibrous protein are water soluble
FALSE: they are generally water insoluble because of their hydrophobic R groups
35
Examples of Fibrous proteins
Troponins
Collagens
36
Proteins (apoprotein) + non protein group (prosthetic group)
Conjugated proteins
37
Enumerate the types of Conjugated proteins
1. Metalloprotein
2. Lipoprotein
3. Glycoprotein
4. Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans
5. Nucleoprotein
38
Proteins with irons
Metalloprotein
39
Examples of Metalloprotein
Ferritin (ferric iron)
Ceruloplasmin (copper)
Hemoglobin (ferrous iron)
40
Protein with lipids
Lipoprotein
41
Examples of Lipoprotein
VLDL
HDL
LDL
CM
42
Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrates how many percent?
10-40%
43
Example of Glycoproteins
Ceruloplasmin
Haptoglobin
A1-antitrypsin
44
Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans are also proteins with carbohydrates with a percentage of?
>40%
45
Example of Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans
Mucin
46
Protein with nucleic acid
Nucleoprotein
47
Example of Nucleoprotein
Chromatin (DNA strands, condensed and coiled in histones)
48
What is the principle of Electrophoresis
Migration of charged particles in an electric field
49
Components of Electrophoresis
Electrical power
Buffer
Support medium
Sample and Detector
50
Driving force
Electrical power
51
Supports the pH of the substance to undergo migration
Buffer
52
Example of buffer
Barbital (veronal) 8.6 pH
53
T/F: Buffer turns proteins to be negatively charged and goes to the anode (+ charged)
TRUE
54
Enumerate the different support media
Cellulose acetate
Agarose gel
Polyacrylamide gel
Starch gel
55
● Separates by molecular size
● Most commonly used in SPE
Cellulose acetate
56
Cellulose acetate separates proteins by how many fractions?
6 fractions
57
● Separates by electrical charge
Agarose gel
58
Agarose gel separates protein into how many fractions?
6 fractions
59
● Separates by molecular size and electrical charge
● Used to study individual proteins
Polyacrylamide gel
60
Polyacrylamide gel separate proteins into how many fractions?
20 fractions
61
Similar to polyacrylamide gel but is harder to prepare
Starch gel
62
T/F: Strains are utilized since migrations are not visible
TRUE
63
Enumerate the stains
Amido black
Ponceau S
Gold/Silver stain
64
Visual protein and enzymes
Amido black
Ponceau S
65
Can detect nanograms (small proteins)
Gold/Silver stain
66
○ It measures the absorbance of stain
○ It scans and quantitates electrophoretic pattern
○ Represented by the peak
Densitometry
67
T/F: In densitometry, the higher the peak, the lighter the band
FALSE: the DARKER the band
68
Plasma proteins two major groups:
Albumin group
Globulins
69
Function as transporters, maintain osmotic pressure, and amino acid reserves.
Albumin group
70
The two major group of plasma proteins are grouped based on their ___________
Electrophoretic activity
71
Enumerate the Globulins
a. α1 globulin
b. α2 globulin
c. β globulin
d. γ globulin
72
Enumerate the albumin group
Pre-albumin
Albumin
73
● Aka Transthyretin
Pre-albumin
74
● To know if it is really CSF
Pre-albumin
75
PRE-ALBUMIN
Transport proteins:
T3
T4
Retinol
76
Detect malnutrition and individual’s response to dietary supplementation
Pre-albumin
77
General transport protein
Albumin
78
Maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
79
Indicator of nutritional status and indicator for short term glycemic control (fructosamine)
Albumin
80
ALBUMIN
Increased:
Decreased
Dehydration
Hepatic cirrhosis (low synthesis
Nephrotic syndrome (increased excretion)
81
Enumerate ɑ1-Globulin Group Proteins
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein
Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG)
Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor
Α1-lipoprotein
Group-specific component globulin (GC Globulin)
82
Major inhibitor of protease activity
Alpha-1-Anritrypsin
82
Major inhibitor of protease activity
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
83
Inhibits neutrophil elastase (part of the neutrophil granules)
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
84
Attacks the infection (if not inhibited, it can also destroy cells in the lungs causing emphysema)
Neutrophil elastase
85
Most abundant A1 Globulin group proteins
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) - 90%
86
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
Increased:
Decreased
Inflammation
Emphysema, juvenile hepatic cirrhosis, SERPINA1 gene mutation
87
A1 Globulin group proteins most abundant among fetus
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein
88
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein synthesized by ______ (children) and the ______ (adult)
Embryo
Liver
89
Migrates between albumin and α1-globulin (nearer)
Alpha 1-Fetoprotein
90
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein
Increased
Decreased
Neural tube defects
(amniotic fluid), twin fetus (maternal serum), hepatoma (tumor marker for liver cancer)
Trisomy 21 (down) and 18 (edward)
91
Diagnostic tool for neonatal bacterial infections
Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG)
92
● Pathognomonic for alzheimer’s disease
● Seen in COPD and parkinson’s disease
Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin
93
Indirect marker for atherosclerosis
Α1-lipoprotein
94
Vitamin D binding protein
Group-specific component globulin (GC Globulin)
95
● All a1 globulin group proteins are positive acute phase reactant ecxcept for ________
alpha1-lipoprotein (-)
96
Enumerate the ɑ2-Globulin Group Proteins
Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
α2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
97
● Tetramer: 2 alpha, 2 beta
○ 2 hemoglobin for 1 _________
Haptoglobin
98
Haptoglobin
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Myoglobinuria, stress, inflammation
● Decreased: Intravascular hemolysis
99
Copper-binding glycoprotein
Ceruloplasmin
100
Ceruloplasmin is a marker for ___________
Wilson’s disease
101
Copper: Imparts ______ color to the plasmin
Blue
102
Ceruloplasmin
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Inflammation, cancer, pregnancy
● Decreased: Wilson’s disease, Menkey’s
syndrome (kinky hair)
103
Largest major non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma
α2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
104
Reciprocal marker with albumin for nephrotic syndrome
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
105
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
○ ↓ ALB = ↑ AMG (by ____ folds)
10
106
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Nephrosis, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Liver Disease, Contraceptive medication
● Decreased: Inflammation
107
All a2 Globulin group proteins are acute phase reactant except _________
a2- Macroglobulin
108
Enumerate β-Globulin Group Protein
Transferrin
Hemopexin
B2-Miroglobulin
Fibrinogen
C-Reactive protein
Complement
Pre-B Lipoproteins
Beta Lipoproteins
109
Transferrin aka ______
siderophilin
110
Major β-globulin protein
Transferrin
111
Transporter of ferric ions
Transferrin
112
TRANSFERRIN
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Iron deficiency anemia
● Decreased: Inflammation, Nephrotic syndrome
113
Binds free heme
Hemopexin
114
1 heme (__________________) = 1 hemopexin
ferriprotoporphyrin IX
115
Hemopexin
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Inflammation
● Decreased: Intravascular hemolysis, hemolytic anemia
116
Needed for production of CD8 cells
β2-Microglobulin
117
Example of CD8 cells
T-cytotoxic
118
β2-Microglobulin
Increased:
Inflammation, renal failure, HIV (increased BMG but no renal failure - attacks CD4+ cells which makes CD8 increase)
119
Aka clotting factor I
Fibrinogen
120
Most abundant coagulation factor
Fibrinogen
121
Marker for long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease
Fibrinogen
122
Fibrinogen
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Inflammation
● Decreased: Extensive coagulation
123
First APR to respond during inflammation
C-Reactive protein
124
Undetectable in blood of healthy individuals.
C-Reactive protein
125
Early cardiac marker
C-Reactive protein
126
All β-Globulin Group Protein are acute phase reactant except for __________
Transferrin
127
Enumerate the Immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
128
Synthesized by Plasma cells / B-cells
Immunoglobulins
129
Immunoglobulins
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: Multiple myeloma, infections, allergic reaction
● Decreased: Immunodeficiencies (HIV)
130
Enumerate Abnormal Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern
Inflammation
Hepatic cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Multiple myeloma
Emphysema
131
Inflammation
Increased
Decreased
● Increased: a1, a2 and beta (+ APR)
● Decreased: albumin (- APR)
132
Abnormality in three bands
Hepatic cirrhosis
133
Hepatic cirrhosis decreased
albumin
134
___-____ bridging (due to ____)
Beta-gamma bridging
IgA
135
↓ ALB = ↑ AMG
Nephrotic syndrome
136
Increased: immunoglobulin (only found in the gamma region)
Multiple Myeloma
137
Forming gamma spike
Multiple Myeloma
138
Confirmatory test
Multiple Myeloma
139
Decreased: A1-antitrypsin
Emphysema
140
○ Inhibits the neutrophil elastase
○ Large quantity causing absence of the a1 band
A1-antitrypsin
141
Emphysema is also called as ___________________
“A1-globulin flat curve”
