Sesh 10- Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
(48 cards)
Which 4 cancers make up over 50% of all new cancers in the UK?
- Breast
- Prostate
- Lung
- Bowel carcinoma
What are the 3 most common cancers in children under 14?
- Leukaemias
- CNS tumours
- Lymphoma
Which 3 cancers have the highest 5 year survival rates?
- Testicular
- Melanoma
- Breast
Which 3 cancers have the lowest 5 year survival rates?
- Oesophageal
- Lung
- Pancreatic
Which cancer is the biggest cause of cancer-related deaths in the UK, and why?
Lung
-V aggressive and high incidence
What is tumour stage a measure of?
The tumour’s overall burden.
What is the most common system used to stage a tumour?
TNM system
What do the ‘T’ ‘N’ and ‘M’ refer to in TNM staging?
- T= tumour size
- N= regional node metastasis via lymphatics
- M= extent of distant metastasis
Describe the criteria for the TNM stages I- IV.
- Stage I= early local disease (T1/2)
- Stage II= advanced local disease (T3/4, N0, M0)
- Stage III= regional node metastasis (any T, N1/+, M0)
- Stage IV= advanced disease with distant metastasis (any T, any N, M1)
What can tumour stages be used for?
As a strong predictor of survival….good prognostic indicator i.e. stage IV lowest 5 yr survival rates
What is the staging system for lymphomas?
Ann Arbor
Describe the criteria for stages I-IV of the Ann Arbor staging system.
I= lymphoma in 1 node II= lymphoma in 2 nodes on same side of diaphragm III= spread to both sides of the diaphragm IV= disseminated spread involving 1/+ extra-lymphatic organs
What are lymphoma ‘B symptoms’?
- Systemic symptoms e.g. fever, weight loss
- Indicate more advanced disease, and worse prognosis
What staging system is used for colorectal carcinoma?
Dukes staging
What are the 4 Dukes stages?
A- invasion of, but not through bowel
B- invasion through bowel wall
C- involvement of lymph nodes
D- distant metastases
What is tumour grade?
The degree of tumour differentiation.
What is the grading system for breast carcinoma?
Bloom-Richardsom grading system
What cellular features is the Bloom-Richardson grading system based on?
- Nuclear pleomorphism
- Tubule formation
- Mitotic index
What is tumour grade important for?
- Mainly for planning treatment
- Only good for estimating prognosis of certain tumours e.g. breast, prostate
What is adjuvant treatment and the principle behind it?
Treatment given after surgical tumour excision to eliminate sub-clinical disease i.e. micrometastases
What is neoadjuvant treatment and the principle behind it?
Treatment given prior to surgical tumour excision to shrink the tumour.
In what sort of doses is radiotherapy given and why?
- Fractionated doses
- To reduce normal tissue damage
Name 3 other tissue/ cell types apart from the cancer that chemotherapy can damage.
Any rapidly proliferating cell
- Bone marrow
- Hair follicles
- GIT epithelia
How do anti-metabolite chemotherapy agents work? Give an example of one.
- Act by mimicking and competing with substrates (e.g. folic acid) for DNA synthesis and replication
- Methotrexate
