Session 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Higher intellect, personality, language and speech
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Comprehension of language, calculation and visuospatial function
What is the role of the temporal lobe?
Memory, language and hearing
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
Vision
Where are the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus?
Pre = anterior to central sulcus Post = posterior to central sulcus STG = inferior to the lateral sulcus
What are the roles of the midbrain, pons and medulla?
Midbrain = eye movement, involuntary hearing and vision Pons = muscles of mastication, hearing/balance, sleep, respiration, bladder control Medulla = autonomic function, connects brain to spinal cord
Role of the cerebellum?
Integration, regulation and co-ordination of motor processes. Unconscious.
Roles of the cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum and vestibulocerebellum?
Cerebrocerebellum = planning movements and motor learning, and coordination of muscle activation Spinocerebellum = Regulates body movements by allowing for error correction. Proprioception. Vestibulocerebellum = Balance and occular reflexes
What are the roles of the thalamus and the hypothalamus?
Thalamus = sensory, motor and cognitive functions Hypothalamus = autonomic, limbic and neuroendocrine system involvement.
Role of the vestibular system?
Produces, transports and removes CSF
What connects the lateral to the third ventricle?
Foramen of Monro
What connects the third to the fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
What are the layers of the cranial meninges?
Dura mater - periosteal and meningeal layers (dural venous sinuses between these two layers)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is the role of ependymal cells?
Form the choroid plexus and produce CSF
How is CSF reabsorbed?
Enters the arachnoid space via the median aperture and the paired lateral apertures.
Then reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses.
What happens once neurulation has begun?
Neural plate is formed, lateral edges rise.
Depression (neural groove) forms in the midline.
Neural folds meet in midline and fuse = neural tube.
Both ends (neuropores) must close.
What results following failure of the neural tube to close caudally (posterior) and cranially (anterior)?
Caudally = Spina bifida Cranially = Anencephaly
Describe the 4 types of spina bifida
Spina bifida oculta = lack of fusion of the vertebral arches. No protrusion of SC.
Meningocoele = meninges forced between vertebrae. Nervous system undamaged.
Myelomeningocoele = unfused spinal column. Spinal cord protrudes, resulting in a sac enclosing spinal elements.
Myeloschisis = flat mass of nervous tissue, no overlying membrane. Risk of paralysis and meningitis.
What are the derivations of the:
1) prosencephalon
2) mesencephalon
3) rhombencephalon
1) forms telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (thalamus)
2) midbrain
3) forms metencephalon (pons, cerebellum), myelencephalon (medulla)
Where are the cervical flexure and the cephalic flexure?
Cervical = between spinal cord and hindbrain Cephalic = within the midbrain region
What structures are the ventricles derived from?
Lateral = cavity of cerebral hemispheres Third = cavity of diencephalon Fourth = cavity of rhombencephalon
What is the lining of the neural tube?
Neuroepithelial cells form pseudostratified epithelium = neuroepithelial layer.
Upon closure of the neural tube, these cells give rise to neuroblasts (mantle layer) = grey mater of spinal cord.
Outermost layer = marginal layer, containing nerve fibres = white mater of spinal cord.
What is the outcome of differentiation of the mantle layer surrounding the neural tube?
Ventral thickening = basal plates, containing ventral motor horn cells.
Dorsal thickening = alar plates, forming sensory areas.
Give two conditions caused by defects of migration of neural crest cells / morphogensis
Hirschsprung’s disease = enteric ganglia don’t form, resulting in an aganglionic megacolon.
DiGeorge syndrome = cardiac abdormalities, abnormal facies, thyroid deficiency, cleft palate and hypocalcaemia. Due to mutation on chromosome 22. (CATCH-22)
