Session 1

Question 1

test involving removal of cells or tissues from a living subject for exam

Answer 1

biopsy

Question 2

defined as the lack of oxygen delivery

Answer 2

ischemia/hypoxia

Question 3

defined as the tendency to maintain the relatively constancy of important variables inside cell or animal, even in the face of significant environment changes

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

the main function of this organelle is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

Answer 4

proteasome - the enzymes that carry out such reactions are called proteases

Question 5

this process begins with the cells’ lysosomes releasing the enzymes they contain out into the cytoplasm; the cell then starts to digest itself.

Answer 5

autolysis

Question 6

which cell death is defined as “pathological”?

Answer 6

necrosis - due to cell injury

Question 7

which cell death is defined as “normal”?

Answer 7

apoptosis - programmed cell death

Question 8

if injury exceeds the adaptive capacity of the cell, what is the end result?

Answer 8

cell death

Question 9

how are the following terms related to cell injury? atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia

Answer 9

they are all cellular responses to injury

Question 10

T or F: the causes for both reversible and irreversible cell injury are different.

Answer 10

FALSE - same - only diff is the degree of injury to the cells

Question 11

following acute cell injury, what is the state of the cells and cytoplasm?

Answer 11

cell is swollen and the cytoplasm is granular

Question 12

what does the name “cloudy swelling” refer to?

Answer 12

look of the cell under microscope (reversible injury)

Question 13

what does the influx of calcium ions do to the cell? (specific to one organelle)

Answer 13

induces loss of mitochondrial function leading to irreversible damage

Question 14

necrosis or apoptosis: there is associated inflammatory response in the adjacent tissue

Answer 14

necrosis

Question 15

T or F: cells can be injured when oxygen concentration is greater than normal

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

reduction in the size and function of the cell

Answer 16

atrophy

Question 17

increase in the size and function of a cell

Answer 17

hypertrophy

Question 18

increase in the number of ells in an organ or tissue

Answer 18

hyperplasia

Question 19

conversion of one differentiated cell type to another due to alteration in the direction of proliferation and maturation of cells

Answer 19

metaplasia

Question 20

abnormal development

Answer 20

dysplasia

Question 21

refers to an alteration of size, shape and arrangement of the cellular components of a tissue

Answer 21

dysplasia

Question 22

failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development

Answer 22

agenesis

Question 23

defined as an increase in functional capacity of cell and demand

Answer 23

hypertrophy - remember, the point is to increase cell’s performance

Question 24

T or F: both hypertrophy and hyperplasia lead to a gross enlargement of an organ.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

this generally consists of the expansion of immature cell, with corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells

Answer 25

dysplasia

Question 26

defined as when cells one MATURE differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated cell type

Answer 26

metplasia

Question 27

T or F: if the stimulus that causes metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal patter of differentiation

Answer 27

true

Question 28

T or F: metaplasia is a benign (non cancerous) change that occurs as a response to chronic physical or chemical irritation

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

what is the metaplasia (from which cell type to which) that occurs in the throat of cigarette smokers?

Answer 29

simple columnar cells change to stratified squamous epithelium (squamous metaplasia)

Question 30

flat cells that look like fish scales - they make up most of the cells in the outer layer of skin, passages of resp and dig tract.

Answer 30

squamous cells

Question 31

defined as the partial or complete wasting away of part of the body | re-asborption and breakdown of tissues

Answer 31

atrophy

Question 32

what is the term used to define atrophy as a result of loss of trophic support?

Answer 32

pathological atrophy

Question 33

what is the name given to premature death of cells and living tissue?

Answer 33

necrosis

Question 34

why is it that in necrosis, there is a build up of dead tissue and cell debris near the site (or at it) of cell death?

Answer 34

b/c when these cells die, they don't send the same chemical signals to the immune system (as with apoptosis) - this prevents nearby phagocytes from locating and engulfing the cells

Question 35

T or F: is it very rarely necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically

Answer 35

FALSE: almost always

Question 36

what are these all examples of: superoxide anions, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide.

Answer 36

free radicals (ROS)

Question 37

radicals are defined as what type of molecules? (in terms of their electrons)

Answer 37

have an unpaired electron

Question 38

defined as molecules that prevent free radicals from harming cells | can prevent cell injury and delay aging process of cells

Answer 38

antioxidants

Question 39

type of necrosis which is characteristic of focal bacterial and fungal infections; affected cell is COMPLETELY digested by hydrolytic enzymes resulting in SOFT, circumscribed lesions consisting of pus and fluid remains of necrotic tissue.

Answer 39

liquefactive necrosis

Question 40

what happens after the removal of cell debris by WBCs in liquefactive necrosis

Answer 40

a fluid filled space is left

Question 41

what is a key participant in the decision as to whether a cell should commit suicide through apoptosis or go on business as usual?

Answer 41

mitochondria

Question 42

what happens to cell size during apoptosis?

Answer 42

shrinks

Question 43

what two things happen to the cell nucleus during apoptosis?

Answer 43

condensation of nuclear chromatin peripherally and formation of apoptotic bodies by fragmentation of cells and nuclei

Question 44

what role do adjacent healthy cells play in apoptosis?

Answer 44

they will be the ones to phagocytose the cells undergoing apoptosis

Question 45

T or F: apoptosis is accompanied by an inflammatory response

Answer 45

FALSE

Question 46

T or F: apoptosis is an active energy dependent process

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

necrosis or apoptosis: death of group (vs single) of cells within living tissue or organ

Answer 47

necrosis

Question 48

T or F: apoptosis is assoc with organ development, and modeling in the embryo

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

necrosis or apoptosis: involves autolysis (after death of entire organism)

Answer 49

apoptosis - vs. surgical removal that is.

Question 50

T or F: necrosis is an active energy dependent process

Answer 50

FALSE: it is passive and NOT energy-dependent

Question 51

T or F: apoptosis is ALWAYS pathologic

Answer 51

false; sometimes yes, sometimes no

Question 52

what is the difference between wet and dry gangrene?

Answer 52

dru has NO bacterial superinfection; wet DOES and the appearances also correspond to description