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Session 1 (A) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Set of processes which derive energy and raw materials from food stuffs and use them to support repair, growth and activity of the tissues of the body to sustain life

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2
Q

What happens in catabolic pathways? What energy changes are seen in catabolism?

A

Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones (intermediary metabolites)

Releases large amounts of free energy

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3
Q

What is the free energy released during catabolism used for? (2)

A

Biosynthesis

Movement

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4
Q

The reactions in catabolism are generally…

A

Oxidative - releases H atoms (reducing power)

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5
Q

What happens in anabolic pathways? What energy changes are seen in anabolism?

A

Synthesise larger important cellular components from intermediary metabolites

Uses energy released from catabolism (ATP)

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6
Q

The reactions in anabolism are generally…

A

Reductive - uses the H released in catabolism

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7
Q

What are 4 products of catabolic metabolism?

A

Building block materials (e.g. Sugars, amino acids)
Organic precursors (e.g. Acetyl CoA)
Biosynthetic reducing power (e.g. NADH, NADPH)
Energy for cell function (ATP)

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8
Q

Energy released in catabolism can be used for which kinds of works? (5)

A 
Anabolism 
Transport at membranes 
Muscle contraction 
Nervous conduction 
Osmotic work at kidneys
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9
Q

What is the relationship between kcal and kJ?

A

1 Kcal = 4.184 kJ

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10
Q

What is the normal energy requirement for muscular work of a typical 70 kg man? What does the value depend on?

A

Approx 1000 kcal

On the type, intensity and duration of activity (can rise to 3000 kcal)

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate? What value does it typically take in a 70kg male?

A

Energy required by an awake individual during physical, digestive and emotional rest at 18 degrees Celsius

1700 kcal

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12
Q

What is meant the specific dynamic action of food? What value does it typically take?

A

The energy cost of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food

~150 kcal

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13
Q

What two things can result from energy intake>energy required?

A

Growth - synthesis of new tissue/repair (in children/pregnancy)

Production of adipose tissue

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14
Q

How long can a person survive for without food and only water?

A

~20-70 days

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15
Q

What form does the energy used to drive energy requiring activities in the body typically take? What is the benefit of using this form of energy?

A

Chemical bond energy

It ca be used directly without prior conversion to heat

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16
Q

Humans are isothermal what is meant by this?

A

We can’t use heat energy for work

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17
Q

What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example.

What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example.

A

Reaction that releases energy
Catabolic reactions

Reaction that requires energy
Anabolic reactions

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18
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy value for exergonic/endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic - less than 0 (-ve)

Endergonic - more than 0 (+ve)

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19
Q

Chemical bond energy of fuel molecules is realised in which sort of reactions…

A

Oxidation reactions

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20
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons (removal of H atoms (H+ and e-))

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21
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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22
Q

What happens to the electrons and protons released from oxidised fuel molecules?

A

They are transferred to carrier molecules

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23
Q

What is the structure of an ATP molecule?

A

Consists of an adenine ring, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups?

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24
Q

What is the relationship between the total concentration of oxidised and reduced carriers?

A

The concentrations remain constant

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25
How much energy does hydrolysis of the gamma and second phosphate of ATP release?
Each reaction releases 31 kJ/mol
26
Energy released in exergonic reactions drives the formation of _____ from _____ . How is this energy stored?
ATP from ADP As a chemical bond
27
ADP is limited in its concentration, what is the significance of this?
It cycles and acts as a carrier rather than a store for energy
28
ATP is stable in the absence of specific catalysts allowing the flow of energy to be...
Controlled
29
How is reducing power converted to ATP?
By oxidative phosphorylation?
30
What pathways are activated by high ATP in the body?
Anabolic pathways
31
What pathways are activated by low ATP in the body?
Catabolic pathways
32
Give four examples of high energy signals?
ATP NADH NADPH FAD2H
33
Give five examples of low energy signals?
``` ADP AMP NAD+ NADP+ FAD ```
34
How does AMP work as a low energy signal?
Results in increased activity of adenylate kinase which converts 2ADP ---> ATP + AMP
35
What is creatine phosphate? Where is it commonly found? How is it formed?
A high energy reserve that can be accessed quickly Skeletal muscle When ATP levels are high, phosphate bond energy from ATP is added onto creatine to store the energy as creatine phosphate
36
What enzyme catalyses the following reaction... Creatine + ATP Creatine phosphate + ADP
Creatine kinase
37
Creatine kinase is a marker for...
Myocardial infarction
38
What is the general structure of creatine kinase?
It is made up of 2 subunits
39
What is special about the subunits that make up creatine kinase?
Different isoform combinations (genes coding for the subunits) are found in different tissues So for example one isoform combination is specific to heart muscle
40
CK is released from ___________ cardiac myocytes in ____
Damaged MI
41
When does creatine kinase appear in blood following an MI?
After a few hours
42
Both creatine and creatine phosphate will spontaneously break down to form...
Creatinine
43
Creatinine is produced _________ at a ______ rate
Spontaneously Constant
44
How is creatinine excreted?
Via the kidneys
45
What is significant about creatinine excretion?
It is proportional to the muscle mass of the individual and therefore allows the measurement of muscle mass
46
What is metabolism?
Chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life
47
What is meant by the term catabolic processes?
Where molecules are broken down to release energy in the form of reducing power
48
What is meant by the term anabolic processes?
Where energy and raw materials are used to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance
49
ATP is generated by the oxidation of... (4)
Lipids Carbohydrates Protein Alcohol
50
What is 1kcal?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by one degree Celsius
51
What are the 7 nutritional 'food groups'?
``` Carbohydrate Protein Fat Minerals Vitamins Water Fibre ```
52
Which 3 food groups supply the body with energy? Which food group supplies the most?
Carbs, proteins and fats Carbs
53
What is fibre essential for?
Normal GI function
54
What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?
(CH2O)n
55
What sorts of functional groups do carbohydrates contain?
Aldehyde or keto groups | Multiple -OH groups
56
What are oligosaccharides? Give an example.
Carbohydrate polymers consisting of 3-12 units Dextrins
57
Give examples of polysaccharide molecules?
Starch Cellulose Glycogen
58
How many carbon atoms does each carbohydrate monomer contain?
3-9 carbon atoms
59
What is starch and what molecules does it consist of?
A store in plants | Polymer of glucose
60
What is sucrose and what is its composition?
Table sugar A glucose-fructose disaccharide
61
What is lactose and what molecules is it composed of?
Milk sugar Galactose-glucose disaccharide
62
What is fructose and what is its structure?
Fruit sugar Is a monosaccharide
63
What is glucose?
6 carbon monosaccharide sugar, the predominant sugar in human blood
64
What is the composition of maltose?
Glucose-glucose disaccharide
65
What is glycogen and its composition?
Store in animals A polymer of glucose
66
What effect does digestion have on larger carbohydrates?
Breaks them down to monosaccharides which can be absorbed into the blood
67
What are proteins digested into?
Amino acids which can be absorbed into the blood
68
How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis in the body?
20
69
What is meant by an essential amino acid? How many are there?
An amino acid that cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained from the diet 9
70
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable ``` Isoleucine Lysine Threonine Histidine Leucine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Valine ```
71
What 3 amino acids may be required in the diet in pregnant women and why?
Arginine, tyrosine and cysteine There is a high rate of protein synthesis in pregnant women
72
Why is protein from animal origin considered to be of high quality?
It contains all the essential amino acids
73
Why is protein from plant origin said to be of low quality?
Most are deficient in at least 1 essential amino acid so a variety of sources are required
74
What is the structure of a lipid?
Composed of triacylglyerols
75
What is the structure of a TAG?
Three fatty acids each esterified to one glycerol
76
What are trans fats? Why are they used? Why are they considered bad for you?
Lipids where the fatty acid molecule has a double bond (unsaturated) with the hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bond at OPPOSITE sides of the molecule Increase shelf life Link with coronary artery disease
77
Why do lipids yield more energy when oxidised compared to carbohydrate or proteins?
They contain much less oxygen compared to carbohydrates and proteins - so are more reduced and yielding more oxygen when oxidised
78
Lipids are essential for... (2)
The absorption of fat soluble vitamins from the gut Providing essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesised in the body e.g. Linoleic and linolenic
79
What are 4 fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E & K
80
What is the function of minerals in the diet? (5)
Electrolytes establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance Calcium and phosphorous are essential for structure (e.g. Bones and teeth) Calcium as an important signalling molecule Enzyme cofactors Iron for haemoglobin
81
Vitamins are essential in the diet in what sort of quantities...
Micro- or milligram quantities
82
Vitamins can be either ______ or _______ soluble
Fat or water
83
What can vitamin A deficiency result in?
Xerophthalmia
84
What can vitamin D deficiency result in?
Rickets
85
What can vitamin E deficiency result in?
Neurological abnormalities
86
What can vitamin k deficiency result in?
Defective blood clotting
87
what can vitamin B1 deficiency result in?
Beriberi
88
What can b12/folate deficiency result in?
Anaemia
89
What can vitamin b6 deficiency result in?
Dermatitis | Anaemia
90
What can biotin deficiency result in?
Alopecia Scaly skin CNS defects
91
What can choline deficiency result in?
Liver damage
92
What can niacin deficiency result in?
Pellagra
93
What can pantothenic acid deficiency result in?
Fatigue | Apathy
94
What can riboflavin deficiency result in?
Ariboflavinosis
95
Dietary fibres is found in which sorts of foods? Give examples... (4)
Cereal foods Cellulose, lignin, pectins, gums
96
Why can cellulose not be broken down in the human body even though it is a polymer of glucose?
There are no enzymes in the human body to break down the beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose
97
How are dietary fibres digested?
They cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes but are essential for the normal functioning of the gut
98
What is the recommended average fibre intake for adults each day?
18 g/day
99
Low fibres is associated with...
Constipation and bowel cancer
100
High fibre is associated with...
Reduced cholesterol and risk of diabetes
101
Name 3 dietary references values used
RNI EAR LRNI
102
RNI is used for which food groups?
Protein, vitamins and minerals
103
EAR is used for which food groups?
Energy
104
What is EAR?
The requirement for ~50% of a group (50% will require more)
105
What is RNI?
Enough to ensure the needs of 97.5% are being met (many will need less)
106
What is LRNI?
Enough for 2.5% - majority will need more
107
A persons daily energy expenditure includes...
BMR Diet-induced thermogenesis PAL
108
What are 5 factors affecting the BMR?
``` Body size Gender Environmental temperature Endocrine status (E.g. Will be increased in hyperthyroidism) Body temperature ```
109
With moderate physical activity was is the typical daily energy expenditure of a (I) 70kg adult male (II) 58kg adult female In kJ/day
12000 kJ/day 9500 kJ/day
110
What very short term stores, immediate use stores and long term stores does the body have for energy? How long does each store last?
Creatine phosphate in muscle (a few seconds worth) Glycogen stores (minutes-hours) Adipose stores(~40 days worthP
111
What is obesity? What BMI values does it take?
Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health BMI 30-34.9
112
What is the equation and units for BMI?
BMI = Weight/(Height)^2 Kg/m^2
113
It is important to measure height without _______. And weight with ________________ _____________ when taking a BMI
Shoes Minimal clothing
114
What is an alternative to BMI?
Waist/hip ratio
115
What is the desirable BMI range for males and females?
18.5- 24.9
116
Greater proportion of fat in the upper body compared with on the hips (i.e. Apple shape) is associated with an increased risk of...
Insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes Stroke Hypertension
117
Why does malnutrition lead to oedema?
Low protein ---> Insufficient blood protein synthesis ---> Decreases in plasma oncotic pressure and oedema
118
What is the normal fasting plasma concentration range for glucose?
3.3-6.0 mmol/L

MEH (9 decks)

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