Session 1 Introduction Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
AI is the study and development of systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and decision-making.
Who coined the term Artificial Intelligence, and when?
John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence during the Dartmouth Workshop in 1956.
What are the four primary approaches to AI?
- Acting Humanly (Turing Test)
- Thinking Humanly (Cognitive Modeling)
- Thinking Rationally (Laws of Thought)
- Acting Rationally (Rational Agent Approach)
What is the Turing Test?
The Turing Test evaluates a machine’s ability to exhibit human-like behavior through text-based communication with a human interrogator.
What additional capabilities are required for the Total Turing Test?
• Computer Vision (to interpret visual inputs)
• Robotics (to manipulate objects and interact with the physical environment)
What is the focus of the Thinking Humanly approach?
The Thinking Humanly approach aims to replicate human thought processes through cognitive modeling, using techniques like introspection, psychological experiments, and brain imaging.
What are the key challenges of the Thinking Humanly approach?
• Human thought is often irrational and inconsistent.
• Simulating human cognition is computationally complex.
What is the Thinking Rationally approach based on?
It is based on the formal rules of logic and reasoning, originating from Aristotle’s syllogisms.
What is a major limitation of the Thinking Rationally approach?
It struggles with uncertainty and incomplete information, which are common in real-world scenarios.
What is the focus of the Acting Rationally approach?
The Acting Rationally approach focuses on designing agents that take actions to achieve optimal outcomes based on available information.
What is a rational agent?
A rational agent perceives its environment through sensors, acts upon it through actuators, and aims to achieve its goals efficiently.
What is the historical significance of the Dartmouth Workshop?
It marked the formal birth of AI as a scientific field in 1956, bringing together key researchers like John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky.
Who was Alan Turing, and what was his contribution to AI?
Alan Turing was a pioneer in computer science who proposed the Turing Test to evaluate machine intelligence and played a key role in early AI development.
What is Shakey the Robot?
Shakey was the first mobile robot (1969) that combined perception, reasoning, and action to navigate and complete tasks.
What are expert systems, and provide two examples?
Expert systems are rule-based systems designed to solve problems within specific domains.
• Example 1: DENDRAL (chemical analysis)
• Example 2: MYCIN (medical diagnosis)
What is the significance of neural networks in AI?
Neural networks, inspired by the human brain, enable machines to learn and recognize patterns, forming the basis of modern deep learning.
What caused the AI Winter in the 1970s and 1980s?
• Limited computational power
• Lack of large datasets
• Overpromising and underdelivering by researchers
How did AI revive in the 1980s?
Advances in neural networks (e.g., backpropagation), expert systems, and probabilistic models led to renewed interest and applications in AI.
What are Bayesian Networks?
Bayesian Networks are probabilistic graphical models that represent the dependencies among variables to reason under uncertainty.
What are reinforcement learning systems inspired by?
Reinforcement learning systems are inspired by behavioral psychology, using rewards and penalties to guide learning.
Name three contributing disciplines to AI.
- Philosophy: Provides logic and reasoning frameworks.
- Mathematics: Develops algorithms and models for decision-making.
- Neuroscience: Inspires neural networks.
What is the Traveler’s Problem?
It is a conceptual example demonstrating how rational agents explore and optimize routes to achieve their goals in dynamic environments.
What is an example of reflexive behavior in AI?
Robotic vacuum cleaners avoiding obstacles during cleaning demonstrate reflexive behavior.
What is the primary goal of AI in transportation?
To enable autonomous vehicles and optimize traffic management systems using real-time data.
