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PA Clinical Med I > Session 1: Public Health > Flashcards

Session 1: Public Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of public health?

A

Public health focuses on the health of a population or community.

This definition emphasizes the collective aspect of health rather than individual health.

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2
Q

What are the goals of public health?

A

The goals of public health are to promote health and prevent disease.

These goals are achieved through various strategies and interventions.

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3
Q

What does public health science aim to reduce?

A

Public health science aims to reduce and prevent injury, disease, and death.

This reduction is accomplished through data analysis, research, and effective policies.

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4
Q

What methods does public health use to promote health?

A

Public health uses data, research, and effective policies and practices.

These methods are essential for informed decision-making and interventions.

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5
Q

What is an example of a public health concern related to asthma?

A

Identifying how many people have asthma and what is putting them at risk.

This approach helps in tailoring community health interventions.

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6
Q

What strategies are employed to address asthma in public health?

A

Strategies include reducing exposures, preventing new asthma cases, and ensuring access to quality health care.

These strategies aim to improve overall community health outcomes.

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7
Q

What is the focus of clinical medicine compared to public health?

A

Clinical medicine focuses on individual patient care, including history taking and physical exams.

It involves more direct interaction with patients compared to the broader community focus of public health.

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8
Q

What steps are involved in clinical medicine for managing asthma?

A

Steps include ordering labs, diagnosing the condition, prescribing medication, and providing patient education.

These steps are crucial for effective management of the patient’s health.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Public health aims to promote health and _______.

A

prevent disease.

This dual focus is essential for improving population health.

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10
Q

True or False: Public health only focuses on individual health outcomes.

A

False.

Public health is concerned with the health of populations and communities.

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11
Q

What is a key aspect of public health interventions?

A

The use of data and research to inform policies and practices.

Evidence-based approaches are fundamental to effective public health strategies.

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12
Q

What is an example of primary prevention?

A

HPV vaccination, Quiting smoking programs/banning smoking at work
- Stopping disease before it occurs

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13
Q

What is an example of secondary prevention?

A

Mammograms, Colorectal screenings
- Early detection
- Can be high in cost

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14
Q

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

A

Surgery, radiation, chemo

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15
Q

What is the first core function of public health?

A

Assessment

Identifying health problems and their causes

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16
Q

What is the second core function of public health?

A

Policy development

This involves creating strategies to address identified health problems.

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17
Q

What is the third core function of public health?

A

Assurance

This entails implementing policies to meet the goals identified through assessment and policy development.

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18
Q

Examples of public health activities

A
  • Identify ways to decrease/stop bullying in schools
  • Examining secondhand smoke exposures and developing policies
  • Exploring environmental and genetic factors in autism
  • Developing policies on good antibiotic stewardship
  • Promoting policies that provide food to those in need; SNAP
  • Using evidence to strengthen family planning and reproductive health
    policies
  • Developing emergency preparedness plans
  • Responding to **natural and manmade disasters **
  • Quantifying the link between social justice issues and health
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19
Q

What are the 10 great public health achievements in the U.S.

A
  1. Vaccinations
  2. Motor-vehcicle safety
  3. Safe workplace
  4. Control of infectious disease
  5. Decine in death due to coronary heart disease and stroke
  6. Safe and healthy foods
  7. Healthy mothers and babies
  8. Family planning
  9. Flouride in drinking water
  10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
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20
Q

Explain the vaccination achievement.

A
  • One of the greatest achievements of biomedical science and public health
  • Elimination of polio in Americas (almost)
  • Management of H. Influenzae, diphtheria, measles, rubella, tetanus in US and abroad
  • Worldwide eradication of smallpox (only one)
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21
Q

Explain the motor vehicle safety achievement.

A
  • Annual death rate has declined
  • Safer cars and roads
  • Airbags, electronic stability, crumple
    zones, etc.
  • Seatbelts, child seats, helmets, reduced impaired driving
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22
Q

Explain the workplace safety achievement.

A
  • OSHA
  • Reduced lung disease
  • Asbestos, mining
  • Safety equipment & automation
  • Reduction in rate of fatal occupation injuries
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23
Q

Explain the management of infectious disease achievement.

A

Access to clean water, improved sanitation
* Indoor plumbing, sewers
* Control of cholera, typhoid

Antimicrobial development
* Sulfonamide
* Penicillin

Significant reduction in widespread infections including TB, STIs, etc

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24
Q

What types of death were the leading cause in the 1900s? What were they around 2000?

A

1900:
Infectious disease (pneumonia, TB, diarrhea and enteritis)

1997:
Heart disease, cancer, stroke

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25
Explain the reduction of mortality due to cardiovascular disease achievement.
* Coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease * Risk factor modification * Reduction in tobacco use, control of blood pressure, lipid monitoring * Earlier diagnosis and treatment * Overall, 51% decrease in mortality due to heart disease
26
Explain the food safety and nutrition achievement.
* Reduced food contamination * Refrigerators for household use * Pasteurization * Increased nutritional content * Fortification * Minimization of pellagra, rickets, goiter * Folic acid (Less neural tube defects)
27
How was the health of mother and babies improved?
* Increased hygiene * Nutrition * Antibiotics and technology * Improved access to health care * Since 1900 maternal mortality has decrease 99% and infant mortality has decreased 90%
28
Explain the advancements in family planning.
* Smaller families, longer birth intervals, changing role for women * Prenatal counseling and screening * Barrier contraceptives (Reduced transmission of STIs, Pregnancy prevention)
29
Ho was fluoridation of water a PH achievement?
Reduced tooth loss and decay
30
Explain identification of tobacco as hazardous to health.
* Anti-smoking campaigns * Reduction in tobacoo use and morbidity and mortality * Decrease in lung cancer * Decrease in cardiac mortality
31
10 Greatest worldwide public health achievements
* Reductions in Child Mortality * Vaccine-Preventable Diseases * Access to Safe Water and Sanitation * Malaria Prevention and Control * Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS * Tuberculosis Control * Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases * Tobacco Control * Increased Awareness and Response for Improving Global Road Safety * Improved Preparedness and Response to Global Health Threats
32
What are the leading health indicators?
* High priority objectives of HP 2030 * Increase the proportion of people with health insurance Who get screened for colorectal cancer * Adolescents with depression who get treated * Who gets the influenza vaccine * Reduce household food insecurity and hunger
33
Define health equity
Attainment of the highest level of health for all people
34
Determinants of Health
Social * Social environment, health services, etc. Individual * Genetics and biology Environmental * Physical environment * Clean water, grocery stores, toxins, bus stops, etc.
35
5 domains of social determinants of health
* Economic stability * Education access and quality * Health care access and quality * Neighborhood and built environment * Social and community context ## Footnote Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, etc. that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes
36
37
What do SDOH contribute to?
Health disparities and inequities ## Footnote SDOH stands for Social Determinants of Health
38
Give an example of SDOH affecting nutrition.
Lack of access to grocery stores with healthy foods ## Footnote This can lead to inadequate nutrition
39
What health risks are increased by poor nutrition due to SDOH?
* Heart disease * Obesity * Diabetes ## Footnote These conditions are linked to inadequate access to healthy foods
40
How does poor nutrition affect life expectancy?
It decreases life expectancy ## Footnote Nutrition plays a critical role in overall health
41
Is promoting healthy choices sufficient for improving health?
No ## Footnote Other factors like education, transportation, and housing are also important
42
What percentage of people in the US ages 18-64 do not have health insurance?
11% ## Footnote This statistic highlights access issues in healthcare
43
What challenges do people without insurance face regarding healthcare?
* Lack of recommended screenings * Poor management of chronic conditions ## Footnote Access to healthcare services is crucial for health maintenance
44
What are the HP 2030 objectives related to health insurance?
* Increase the proportion of people with health insurance * Increase prescription drug insurance * Decrease the number of underinsured people under age 65 ## Footnote These objectives aim to improve healthcare access
45
Define health disparities.
A particular type of health difference linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage ## Footnote Understanding health disparities is key to promoting health equity
46
Why is measuring health disparities essential?
To advance health equity ## Footnote Measurement helps identify areas needing improvement
47
48
What is fundamental to the execution of the essential services of public health?
Infrastructure ## Footnote A strong infrastructure allows the public health system to respond to emergent and chronic threats to the nation's health.
49
What are the components that make up public health infrastructure?
People, services, and systems needed to promote and protect health ## Footnote This includes health departments, workforce, up-to-date data, and agencies that can assess and respond to public health needs.
50
What is the main role of federal public health agencies?
Assist local areas ## Footnote This includes providing personnel, resources, funding for scientific research, infrastructure, emergency preparedness, and policy recommendations.
51
Who has primary control of public health according to the US constitution?
States ## Footnote Every state has a health department that oversees all public health activities in the state.
52
What are local health departments responsible for?
Overseeing public health activities and coordinating between federal and local agencies ## Footnote Local areas include county, city, township, and parish.
53
What types of emergencies do public health systems help communities respond to?
Disease outbreaks, natural disasters, bioterrorism, pandemic influenza, chemical emergencies ## Footnote These emergencies require coordinated responses from public health systems.
54
What resources are needed for effective disaster response in public health?
Clinicians, up-to-date resources, communicators, laboratories, emergency planners, responders, data, funding ## Footnote These resources are essential for managing public health emergencies.
55
What historical event involved the use of plague as a weapon of war?
The siege of Kaffa ## Footnote This event is an example of biologic warfare.
56
What significant public health event occurred on September 11, 2001?
Public health surveillance after the September 11 attacks ## Footnote This involved monitoring the health impacts and potential threats following the attacks.
57
What was a public health challenge during Hurricane Katrina?
Emergency services, public health surveillance, and disease treatment ## Footnote The hurricane highlighted the need for effective public health response mechanisms.
58
What is mandated by state law regarding disease reporting?
Health care providers, hospitals, and laboratories must report certain conditions to health departments ## Footnote This reporting must occur within a specified time frame.
59
What is the role of local and state health departments in disease reporting?
Identify and control disease outbreaks ## Footnote They are responsible for monitoring and tracking diseases to protect public health.
60
Who receives the data submitted by states regarding disease reporting?
CDC ## Footnote The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses this data to guide public health policy.
61
What is one purpose of disease information collected by health departments?
Guide public health policy and prevention strategies ## Footnote This helps keep people healthy and defend against health threats.
62
What types of diseases does public health track today?
Infectious diseases, foodborne outbreaks, noninfectious conditions ## Footnote Examples include measles, E. coli, and lead poisoning.
63
What are two uses of state data by the CDC?
Monitor disease trends, assess effectiveness of prevention strategies ## Footnote This helps in formulating effective public health policies.
64
What is the goal of public health interventions?
Minimize the burden of diseases and associated risk factors ## Footnote Interventions can be population-based or individual-based.
65
Give an example of primary prevention.
Improve health through changing the impact of SDOH ## Footnote This can include behavioral health risk information, food supplementation, and immunizations.
66
What is an example of secondary prevention?
Early detection when this improves health outcomes ## Footnote This strategy is aimed at catching diseases early to enhance recovery chances.
67
What is the focus of health and patient advocacy?
Helping patients on an individual basis ## Footnote This contrasts with public health advocacy, which focuses on populations.
68
What does public health advocacy aim to achieve?
Help entire patient populations ## Footnote This includes neighborhoods and demographic groups affected by health issues.
69
Why is public health advocacy important?
It helps close health disparity gaps and improves health outcomes ## Footnote Advocacy impacts underserved populations and tackles social determinants of health.
70
What are some methods used in public health advocacy?
Raising awareness, protecting funding, promoting policy changes ## Footnote This can involve community partnerships and marketing campaigns.
71
Fill in the blank: Public health advocacy can include _______.
[food drives, fundraising walks] ## Footnote These activities support health initiatives and raise awareness.

PA Clinical Med I (1 decks)

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