Session 1.1j- TeachMeAnatomy - Tracheobronchial Tree Flashcards
http://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/tracheobronchial-tree/ (104 cards)
1
Q
What forms the tracheobronchial tree?
A
The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
2
Q
What do the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles form?
A
The TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
3
Q
What is the tracheobronchial tree?
A
A system of airways that allow passage of air into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
4
Q
Where does gas exchange occur?
A
In the lungs
5
Q
Where are these airways (tracheobronchial tree) located?
A
In the neck and thorax.
6
Q
What marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree?
A
The trachea
7
Q
Where does the trachea arise?
A
At the lower border of CRICOID CARTILAGE in the neck
8
Q
What is the trachea a continuation of?
A
The larynx
9
Q
Where does the trachea transvel inferiorly?
A
Into the SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM
10
Q
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
A
At the level of the sternal angle
11
Q
What occurs to the trachea at the level of the sternal angle?
A
It bifurcates, forming the right and left main bronchi.
12
Q
Where is the trachea in relation to the oesophagus?
A
Anterior
13
Q
What structure lies posterior to the trachea?
A
The OESOPHAGUS
14
Q
The trachea lies slight ___?
A
As it descends, it inclines slightly to the right.
15
Q
How is the trachea held open?
A
By cartilage
16
Q
What structures of the respiratory tract are held open by cartilage?
A
All of the larger respiratory airways, including the trachea
17
Q
What is the structure of the trachea?
A
It is organised in C-SHAPED rings.
18
Q
What are the tracheal rings supported by?
A
The free ends of these rings are supported by the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE.
19
Q
What is the trachea lined by?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
20
Q
What are the bronchi lined by?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
21
Q
The trachea and bronchi are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, interspersed by what?
A
GOBLET CELLS
22
Q
What do goblet cells produce?
A
Mucus
23
Q
The combination of what forms the functional mucociliary escalator?
A
The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus from the goblet cells
24
Q
The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus from the goblet cells form what?
A
The MUCOCILIARY ESCALATOR.
25
What does the mucociliary escalator do?
Acts to trap inhaled particles and pathogens, moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed and destroyed.
26
What lies at the bifurcation of the primary bronchi?
A ridge of cartilage
27
What is the ridge of cartilage that lies at the bifurcation of the primary bronchi called?
The CARINA
28
Where does the carina run?
Anteroposteriorly between the openings of the two primary bronchi.
29
What is the most sensitive area of the trachea for triggering the cough reflex?
The carina.
30
The carina can be seen on ___?
bronchoscopy.
31
The trachea receives what innervation from where?
Sensory; RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE.
32
Where does the arterial supply to the trachea come from?
The tracheal branches of the INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY
33
What is the venous drainage to the trachea?
Via the brachiocephalic, azygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.
34
The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi, where?
At the level of the sternal angle.
35
What happens to the right and left main bronchi?
They undergo further branching to produce the secondary bronchi.
36
What do secondary bronchi supply?
Each secondary bronchi supplies a lobe of the lung.
37
What do secondary bronchi give rise to?
Several segmental bronchi
38
What makes up the roots of the lungs?
The main bronchi, along with branches of the pulmonary artery and veins.
39
Along with branches of the pulmonary artery and veins, the main bronchi make up what?
The ROOTS of the lungs.
40
What is the structure of the right main bronchus?
Wider, shorter, and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart
41
Which bronchus is wider, shorter, and descends more vertically?
RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS
42
What is the clinical significance of the shape of the right main bronchus?
Clinically, this results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation.
43
What structure arises before the right main bronchus enters the hilum?
The right superior lobar bronchus
44
The right superior lobar bronchus arises before ___
the right main bronchus enters the hilum.
45
Where does the left main bronchus lie?
It passes inferiorly to the arch of the aorta, and anteriorly to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus.
46
What structure and why, passes inferiorly to the arch of the aorta, and anteriorly to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus?
The LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS, passes anteriorly to thoracic aorta and oesophagus in order to reach the hilum of the left lung.
47
Where do the primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi?
Within the lungs
48
The primary bronchi is also known as __?
The main bronchi
49
The secondary bronchi is also known as ___
The LOBAR BRONCHI
50
Within the lungs, the main bronchi branch ___
into LOBAR (SECONDARY) BRONCHI.
51
How many secondary bronchi are there?
Each secondary bronchi supplies a lobe of the lung, thus there are 3 right lobar bronchi and 2 left.
52
What do the lobar bronchi bifurcate into?
Several SEGMENTAL (TERTIARY) BRONCHI
53
The tertiary bronchi is also known as ___
The SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
54
What so the segmental/tertiary bronchi supply?
A BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT
55
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
Subdivisions of the lung lobes, and act as the functional unit of the lungs
56
What are subdivisions of the lung lobes called?
Bronchopulmonary segments
57
What are the functional units of the lungs?
Bronchopulmonary segments (subdivisions of the lung lobes)
58
What is the structure of bronchi similar to?
Very similar to that of the trachea
59
Bronchi and tracheal structure differ ___?
In the shape of their cartilage
60
How does the cartilage appear in the main bronchi?
Cartilage rings COMPLETELY ENCIRCLE the lumen
61
How does the cartilage appear in smaller lobar and segmental bronchi?
Smaller lobar and segmental bronchi cartilage is found only in CRESCENT SHAPES.
62
Cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen in ____ bronchi?
Main bronchi
63
Crescent-shaped cartilage is found in ___ bronchi?
(Smaller than main) - lobar and segmental bronchi
64
What innervates the bronchi?
Pulmonary branches of the VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
65
What is the blood supply to the bronchi from?
Branches of the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
66
What is venous drainage of the arteries to
BRONCHIAL VEINS
67
The segmental bronchi undergo further branching to form ___?
Numerous smaller airways - the bronchioles.
68
The bronchioles have branched from ___?
The segmental bronchi
69
What are the smallest airways?
Bronchioles
70
Because bronchioles are the smallest airways, what do they not contain?
Any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells.
71
Which airway structure does not contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells?
The smallest airways - bronchioles
72
What type of cells do bronchioles contain?
CLUB CELLS
73
What do club cells produce?
A SURFACTANT LIPOPROTEIN
74
What is the significance of club cells in bronchioles?
These are instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration.
75
Initially there are many generations of __________ ___________, which transport air but lack glands and are not involved in gas exchange.
CONDUCTING BRONCHIOLES
76
Describe the structure and function of conducting bronchioles?
They transport air but lack glands and are not involved in gas exchange
77
What do conducting bronchioles end as?
Eventually end as TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
78
What do terminal bronchioles branch into?
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
79
How are respiratory bronchioles distinguishable?
By the presence of ALVEOLI extending from their lumens.
80
What are alveoli?
Tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls
81
Alveoli have thin walls made up of ___?
Simple squamous epithelium
82
What is the function of alveoli?
They are the sites of gaseous exchange in the lungs.
83
How many alveoli are there
Altogether there are around 300 million alveoli in adult lungs?
84
What is the significance of a large number of alveoli?
These provide a large surface area for adequate gas exchange.
85
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
86
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
How is asthma characterised?
By hypersensitivity, reversible outflow obstruction and bronchospasm.
87
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
There is remodelling of the small airways, causing increased SMOOTH MUSCLE thickness around the bronchioles, damaged epithelium and a thickened basement membrane.
88
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What occurs to the small airways in asthma?
There is remodelling
89
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What does remodelling of the small airways do to the bronchioles?
Causes increases SMOOTH MUSCLE thickness around it
90
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What does remodelling of the small airways do to the epithelium?
Damages it
91
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What does remodelling of the small airways do to the basement membrane?
Thickens it
92
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What is an "asthma attack"?
An acute exacerbation of the condition caused by a trigger
93
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What can trigger an asthma attack?
E.g. allergens, exercise
94
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What do triggers do to the airways during an asthma attack?
Causes sudden inflammation and contraction of the smooth muscle around bronchioles (bronchospasm).
95
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What is a bronchospasm?
Contraction of the smooth muscle around bronchioles
96
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
How does the pathophysiology relate to clinical features in asthma attacks?
Sudden inflammation and bronchospasm narrows the airways, causing difficulty in breathing and WHEEZING.
97
(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)
What are some characteristic features of asthma?
- Difficulty in breathing
| - WHEEZING
98
Fig. 1
Caption the image - explain what it is showing and label the different colours of the bronchi.
Overview of the tracheobronchial tree. key: Green - upper lobe, yellow - middle lobe, blue - lower lobe
99
Fig. 2
Label left and right on the image, and caption it explaining what it is showing and what plane this image has been taken in.
Left Right
Transverse section of the trachea, showing its bifurcation.
100
Fig. 3
Label and caption the image
- Trachea
- Main bronchus
- Lobar bronchus
- Segmental bronchus
The trachea and bronchi
101
Fig. 4
Label the diagram before and after an asthma episode.
Caption it with the clinical condition.
Before:
- Muscle
- Airway
- Air sacs
After:
- Muscles around the airway contract
- Airways fill with mucus
- Airways swell
Diagram showing the effects of an acute asthma exacerbation upon the small airways.
102
The trachea is a continuation of what upper respiratory tract structure?
A. Nasopharynx
B. Oropharynx
C. Laryngopharynx
D. Larynx
D. Larynx
103
At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?
A. T2
B. T3
C. T4
D. T5
C. T4
104
The trachea receives sensory innervation from what nerve?
A. Vagus nerve
B. Phrenic nerve
C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
D. Intercostal nerves
C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
