Session 2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
What are true ribs?
Ribs where costal cartilages connect each rib directly to the sternum: ribs 1-7.
What are false ribs?
Ribs where the costal cartilages connect to the costal cartilage of the ribs above them instead of the sternum: ribs 8-10.
What are floating ribs?
Ribs where the costal cartilages don’t connect them to any solid structures: ribs 11 and 12.
Where are the articulate facets on a rib?
Connecting the rib to the superior and inferior costal facets, and transverse processes of the spinal vertebrae.
How many lobes does the left lung have? Why?
2 lobes, the rest of the space is taken up by the heart.
Where might ribs with 2 articulations with the spine be found?
At the top and bottom of the thorax.
How does the chest wall move during breathing?
Like a bucket handle; ribs move upwards at the joints with the spine and sternum to increase lateral diameter.
How does the sternum move during breathing?
Like a pump handle; moves antero-superiorly on the sternoclavicular joints to increase thoracic volume anteriorly.
How can bending forwards assist breathing?
Allows recruitment of the pectoral muscles.
When might patients be seen using neck muscles in breathing?
When very strained for breath, e.g. in emphysema.
What direction do the external oblique intercostal muscles face?
Infero-medially (like hands in pockets).
What is the function of the external oblique intercostal muscles?
Pull the ribs upwards.
What direction do the internal oblique intercostal muscles face?
Superio-medially (perpendicular to the externals).
What is the function of the internal oblique intercostal muscles?
Pull the ribs downwards.
What direction do the innermost intercostal muscles face?
Superio-medially (similar to internal obliques).
Where does the vena cava move through the diaphragm?
At the canal opening around the T8 vertebra level.
WHere does the oesophagus move through the diaphragm?
Through the oesophageal hiatus around the T10 vertebral level.
Where does the aorta move through the diaphragm?
At the aortic hiatus around the T12 vertebral level (actually behind the diaphragm).
What structures can be found under the costal groove of each rib?
Intercostal vein, artery and nerve.
What structures can be found above each rib?
Collateral branches of the intercostal nerve, artery and vein.
Where would a needle be inserted into the thorax in relation to the ribs?
Just superior to the rib to minimise the damage to structures in the chest wall.
What is the venous drainage of the chest wall?
Intercostal veins -> azygous and hemiazygous veins -> superior vena cava.
What nerves supply the diaphragm; what are their roots?
Left and right phrenic nerves, roots C3,4,5.
Where are objects entering the lung most likely to become lodged; why?
The right main bronchus, it forms a more acute angle of entry than the left main bronchus.
