session 2 Flashcards
(44 cards)
define research?
the systemic search for information & new
knowledge to solve a problem”.
why research is important?
It produces evidence and
informs actions that can provide wider benefit to a society.
Social research
Is research method used by the researchers to learn
about people and societies so that they can produce services to meet
various needs of the people.
importance of social research
researchers to learnabout people and societies so that they can produce services to meet
various needs of the people
insights from this research can guide the design of healthcare delivery practices and interventions that acknowledge and adapt to
social, cultural, and economic barriers;.
what the social sciences approaches emphasize?
social, structural, and organizational
factors that influence the kinds of care available, access to that care, and quality of care.
Importance of social research methods
1-Policies and practices are based on social science research.
2-You have a responsibility as a doctor to be able to access, appraise and
use this research.
3- Need to integrate and critically evaluate multiple resources (Tomorrow ‘s
Doctors)
what are the methods of the social researches?
Two main groups of methods:
1-Quantitative
2-Qualitative
Quantitative research deal with ————
with numerical variables analyzing and
correlating them with
other variables according to specific hypothesis to
draw a conclusion
whats the designs of the quantities researches?
Experimental study designs (e.g. RCTs) – Cohort studies – Case-control studies -Cross-sectional surveys - Official statistics -Other national surveys: -Local and regional surveys
does Questionnaires is quantitive or qualitative methods?
Methods for quantitative research
importance of the Questionnaires?
– Measurement of exposure to risk factors e.g. effect of lifestyle and dietary
factors on cancer.
– Knowledge and attitudes e.g. family planning.
– Satisfaction e.g. with health services.
Published questionnaires may have been tested for ?
validity and reliability.
Principles for Questionnaire design
1- Questionnaires should be:
- Valid and realibe
2-Measure things consistently
3-Differences in results come from differences between participants, not from inconsistencies in how items are understood or in how responses are interpreted.
Types of questions in methods
Mainly closed questions: as
Yes/No
Strongly agree/agree/neither disagree…
Numeric scales
Symbols
Self-completed on paper
– Administered
- Telephone, interviewer, internet..
Can have open-ended questions.
Often free text box at end of questionnaire
what’s the method of research in qualitative researches
systematic collection, organization, and analysis of textual material derived
from talk or observation
,
what qualitative studies emphasize on?
the importance of
understanding, from the viewpoint of the people involved, how individuals
and groups interpret, experience and make sense of social phenomena
useful study for assessment of quality and improve it ?
qualtititve studies particularly useful for quality assessment and for
unpacking some of the complex issues inherent to quality improvemen
what we concern about it in the qualitative studies
– Making sense of phenomena in terms of meanings people bring to them.
–Need to listen to what people have to say, understand their perspective.
– Emphasizes meaning, experience and views of respondents.
– Analysis emphasizes the researcher ‘s interpretation, not measurement.
– Can also provide insights into people ‘s behavior (subject to caveats)
the qualitative research methods ?
– Observation and ethnography
– Interviews
– Focus groups
– Documents
what is mean by the Ethnography and observation methods?
Studying human behavior in its natural context
– Observe what people actually do, rather than relying on their expressed
views.
Two forms: of observatiion studies
Participant observation – (usually) covert
– Non-participant observation – overt
whats the importance of the observation studies ?
The systematic observation of organizational settings, team behavior
useful in studying quality issues as it allows researchers to uncover everyday behavior rather than only relying on
interview accounts.
useful in uncovering what really happens in particular healthcare settings
how the observational methods allow a to understand and assess the behaviors of inviduals
access to the behavior of which individuals themselves may provide biased accounts, or
indeed be unaware.
Interviews method
Individual face to face interviews may be either semi-structured or in-depth.
