Session 2 - Disease Burden And Epidemiologic Transitions Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is Disease Burden?
The impact of health problems beyond mortality
It includes morbidity, financial costs and other measures such as disability, quality of life and societal burden
What metrics can be used to quantify the burden of disease?
Years of Life Lost (YYL)
Years Lived with Disability, Illness or Injury (YLD)
Disability Adjuster Life Years (DALYs)
How is years of life lost calculated?
Expected age of death - actual age of death
How is years lived with disability, illness or injury calculated?
(Amount of time lived with a specific disease/injury/disability) x condition specific weighting (0 = perfect health, 1 = death)
How do you calculate disability adjusted life years?
Years of life lost (YLL) + Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
What does healthy life expectancy mean?
The average number of years a person can expect to live in good health
What does disease burden vary between?
Communities, regions, countries
What is the epidemiologic transition model
It describes the shift in a population’s health and disease burden over time (e.g and increase in non-communicable diseases and decrease of communicable diseases in a population)
What factors of society are affected by an epidemiologic transition?
Population size
Birth rate
Mortality rate
How is the epidemiologic transition divided
Into a series of stages seen throughout a region’s development
E.g in terms of disease
Stage 1 - pests and famine
Stage 2 - receding pandemics
Stage 3 - degenerative and man-made diseases
Stage 4 - delayed and degenerative diseases and emerging infections (hybridistic)
What can the burden of disease and epidemiologic transition stage help to inform?
Health policy and influence health system design
How should we view complex challenges that face the UK health system?
Opportunities for innovation and change
What are the opportunities to change with regards to ageing population and rising prevalence of non-communicable disease?
Greater emphasis on prevention
Life-course approach
Health behaviour and lifestyle
Changing models of care
• more care in the community
• integrated neighbourhood teams
• supported self management
What are the levels of prevention?
Primary (before disease onset): avoid development of disease & remove risk factors
Secondary (after disease onset): early detection treatment & prevent progression
Tertiary (after clinical diagnosis): Reduce complications of established disease
What are the different life stages?
Preconception
Infancy and early years - 0 to 5
Childhood and adolescence - 5 to 24
Working age and adults - 16 to 64
Older People
What are the opportunities for change with regards to persistent and growing health inequalities?
CORE20PLUS5
Diversifying representation in leaders and decision makers
Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement
The potential for AI
What are the opportunities for improvement with regards to climate change?
A One Health Approach (collaboration across disciplines such as healthcare and environmental care)
NHS commitment to Net Zero
Greater emphasis on prevention, patient empowerment, lean care pathways and low carbon alternatives
How do you think disease burden and epidemiologic transition affects healthcare and resource allocation?
Rhetorical
