Session 3 Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is opsonization?
The process by which the pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated by phagocytosis.
In what ways does chronic inflammation arise?
1) an acute insult with large damage that cannot be resolved within a few days
2) may arise de novo
- autoimmune conditions
- chronic infections
3) may develop alongside acute inflammation in severe persistent or repeated irritation.
What is chronic inflammation?
Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis.
How do macrophages appear Microscopically?
Like a purple fried egg with granular cytoplasm.
What are giant cells?
Mutinucleate cells made by the fusion of macrophages
There are three types
- Langerhans type (TB) = big, lined by nuclei around the edges close together.
- touton = like langerhans but smaller and bigger nuclei around edges.
- foreign body = bobbly with lots of bits.
What are the effects of chronic inflammation?
- fibrosis
- impaired function
- atrophy
- stimulation of immune response
What is chronic cholecystitis?
- repeated obstruction by gall stones
- repeated acute inflammation leads to chronic inflammation
- fibrosis of gall bladder wall
What’s an idiopathic disease?
Any disease with unknown cause or mechanism of apparently spontaneous origin
What is inflammatory bowel disease and what will patients present with??
It’s an idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting the large and small bowel
Patients present with diarrhoea, rectal bleeding
Also have ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
What is Crohn’s disease?
A type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the GI system from the mouth to the anus.
What is ulcerative colitis?
A chronic condition where the colon and rectum become inflamed.
What does chronic inflammation with fibrosis lead to in organs?
Cirrhosis
How would histological sample of a liver with cirrhosis look?
Large Pink granular blobs it’s bands of fibrous tissue surrounding each blob
What is atrophic gastritis?
Antibodies attack cells that produce acid and various enzymes = change from tightly packed glands of gastric muscosa to atrophic gastritis where you have tightly packed glands at the bottom by chronic inflammatory cells and scar tissue at the top = struggle in digestion
What is a granuloma?
A cohesive, localised group of inflammatory cells. Macrophages make up the centre of the granuloma. May get giant cells in the centre as well.
What are the main causes of granulomatous inflammation?
- mildly irritant foreign material
- infections
- unknown e.g. Crohn’s disease, sarcoidosis, etc.
What is tuberculosis caused by and how does it cause disease?
Caused by mycobacteria, especially M. Tuberculosis
- causes disease by persistence and induction of cell mediated immunity
How do tuberculosis granulomas present?
Caseous necrosis in the centre, with a langerhans type giant cell (help indicate you have tb) on the side and lymphocytes surrounding the whole structure,
How does a sarcoidosis granuloma present?
Paleish White blobs
What does a brown stain show?
It’s immunohistochemical stain. Cells look brown.
Where are neutrophils usually only present?
In the blood or bone marrow, never really is tissues unless there is inflammation
Why would an artery or arteriole have a smaller lumen?
Atherosclerosis
What are reed sternberg cells?
Different giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Look like two fried eggs.
What does it mean when a cancer is high grade?
It’s aggressive and will likely metastasise quickly
