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Tissues of body > Session 6: The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Session 6: The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is comprised of ___ and ___ divisions

A

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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2
Q

The seven vertebrae directly inferior to the skull are known as the ___ vertebrae

A

The seven vertebrae directly inferior to the skull are known as the cervical vertebrae

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3
Q

The 12 vertebrae inferior to the cervical vertebrae are known as the ___ vertebrae

A

The 12 vertebrae inferior to the cervical vertebrae are known as the thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

The 5 vertebrae inferior to the thoracic vertebrae is known as the ___ vertebrae

A

The 5 vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae is known as the lumbar vertebrae

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5
Q

The 5 (fused) vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae is known as the ___

A

The 5 (fused) vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae is known as the sacrum

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6
Q

The fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum are known as the ___

A

The fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum are known as the coccyx

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7
Q

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for ___ or ___

A

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for fight or flight

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8
Q

When is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) triggered?

A
  • Emergency, exercise, excitement, embarrassment, stressful situations
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9
Q

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) nerves emerge from thoracic (T1-T12) and lumbar (L1-L2) known as the ___ division of ANS

A

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) nerves emerge from thoracic (T1-T12) and lumbar (L1-L2) known as the thoracolumbar division of ANS

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10
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system are triggered for ___ and ___

A

The parasympathetic nervous system are triggered for rest and digest

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11
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system has ___ anatomical origins

A

The parasympathetic nervous system has craniosacral anatomical origins

(C1-C7)
(S2-S4)

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12
Q

Some general actions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Establishes and maintains our homeostasis through the regulation of…
- BP
- HR
- Breathing rate
- Body temperature
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Urination
- Defecation
- Sexual responses

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13
Q

Most organs have both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Exceptions to this include the ___ ___ and sweat glands, which have ___ supply only

A

Most organs have both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Exceptions to this include the adrenal medulla and sweat glands, which have sympathetic supply only

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14
Q

All autonomic pathways are made up of a ___-neuron chain

A

All autonomic pathways are made up of a two-neuron chain

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15
Q

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the CNS. They do not supply effector organs directly. Preganglionic neurons are ___

A

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the CNS. They do not supply effector organs directly. Preganglionic neurons are myelinated

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16
Q

Postganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the PNS. They rely on pre-synaptic neuron for drive. They terminate at the effector organ. Postganglionic neurons are ___

A

Postganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the PNS. They rely on pre-synaptic neuron for drive. They terminate at the effector organ. Postganglionic neurons are unmyelinated

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17
Q

Sympathetic ganglia form a ___ chain

A

Sympathetic ganglia form a paravertebral chain

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18
Q

Some outcomes of sympathetic innervation

A
  • Increased flow of blood to skeletal muscle
  • Increased energy expenditure
  • Diversion of blood to heart
  • Increase in HR
  • Increase in BP
  • Reduced blood flow to GI tract/skin
  • Stimulation of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla - release catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) into blood
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19
Q

Four of the pairs of the 12 cranial nerves have a ___ component

A

Four of the pairs of the 12 cranial nerves have a parasympathetic component (3, 7, 9, 10)

3 - Oculomotor - controls eyes
7 - Facial - controls muscles of facial expression
9 - Glossopharyngeal - make saliva
10 - Vagus - controls heart rate, digestion, and other functions by sending signals to organs like the heart, lungs, and stomach.

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20
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A

Oculomotor nerve

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21
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A

Facial

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22
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal

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23
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus nerve

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24
Q

During bladder filling, ___ contraction of the muscle of the bladder wall (detrusor) is suppressed and ___ action contracts the internal sphincter

A

During bladder filling, parasympathetic contraction of the detrusor is suppressed and sympathetic action contracts the internal sphincter

The detrusor muscle is the muscle in the bladder that contracts to expel urine during urination.

Sphincter - controls the opening and closing of a passage or cavity, like the urethra or anus,

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25
During voiding, ___ signals cause contraction of the detrusor muscle, while reduced ___ innervation ___ the internal sphincter.
During voiding, parasympathetic signals cause contraction of the detrusor muscle, while reduced sympathetic innervation relaxes the internal sphincter.
26
Relaxation of the external sphincter (skeletal muscle) allows ___ of urine
Relaxation of the external sphincter (skeletal muscle) allows release of urine
27
___ glands of the skin and ___ ___ receive ___ drive only!
Sweat glands of the skin and adrenal medulla receive sympathetic drive only!
28
Vasovagal syncope is also known as
Neurocardiogenic syncope
29
Common cause of vasovagal syncope
Fear, severe pain, blood/needle phobia, sudden unexpected sight/sound/smell
30
Other causes of vasovagal syncope
Orthostatic causes: prolonged standing or when in crowded, hot places
31
Vasovagal syncope mechanism
Initial **increase in sympathetic activity is reduced by feedback mechanism** This **doesn't balance an increase in parasympathetic activity**, causing **vasodilation**, **bradycardia** and hypotension leading to **fainting**
32
Raynaud syndrome symptoms
Pallor, cyanosis and redness of digits **Pain**, **numbness**, paresthesia (tingling) and **difficulty moving affected area**
33
What occurs in chronic, severe Raynaud disease?
Tissue infarction and finger loss
34
Cause of Raynaud syndrome?
Spasm of the digital arteries in the fingers - precipitated by cold and relieved by heat
35
Raynaud syndrome affects ___% of the population and is more common in ___
Raynaud syndrome affects 5% of the population and is more common in females
36
What surgery can be performed in severe cases of Raynaud syndrome?
**Peripheral sympathectomy**
37
Prevention/treatment of Raynaud's syndrome
Staying out of the cold Vasodilators
38
Extreme case of vasoconstriction is ___ syndrome
Extreme case of vasoconstriction is **Raynaud's syndrome**
39
Sympathetic
- Arise in spinal cord segments **T1-L2** - Form synapses close to spinal column - Can be seen as **paravertebral chain running adjacent to spinal column** (sympathetic trunk)
40
Stressful situations activate the
sympathetic nervous system
41
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons mainly release ___ to stimulate target organs
noradrenaline
42
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons mainly activate ___ or ___ adrenergic receptors (adrenoreceptors)
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons mainly activate a- or b- adrenergic receptors (adrenoreceptors)
43
beta-1 adrenergic receptor
myocardium ## Footnote agonism leads to increased HR
44
alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (sympathetic)
smooth muscle ## Footnote agonism leads to contraction (vasoconstriction)
45
beta-2 adrenergic receptor
smooth muscle ## Footnote agonism leads to relaxation, broncho and vaso-dilation
46
What drug is an agonist of beta-2 adrenergic receptors?
salbutamol
47
Effect of sympathetic stimulation
Reduced blood flow to GI tract & skin Increased BP/HR Fight/flight Increased energy expenditure Stimulation of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla - release catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline) into blood
48
Parasympathetic
- Originate in the brain or sacral region (craniosacral) of spinal cord - Form synapses in ganglia located close to target organs (presynaptic fibres tend to be very long)
49
Relaxed situations 'rest and digest'
Parasympathetic system
50
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons mainly release ___
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons mainly release acetylcholine (ACh)
51
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons activate ___ receptors
muscarinic
52
Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - Thoracolumbar division of ANS Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) - Craniosacral division of ANS
53
Identify the features in the following diagram of the nervous system
A = Cranial nerves associated with parasympathetic outflow (3, 7, 9 and 10) B = Parasympathetic nervous system C = Brain D = Spinal cord E = Sympathetic nervous system F = Filum terminal
54
The presence of Nissl substance is evidence that neurons are highly biosynthetic. Of what is Nissl substance comprised?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
55
Which of the following organs has sympathetic but NOT parasympathetic innervation, according to the diagram? A) Pancreas B) Lungs C) Adrenal glands D) Bladder E) Heart
C) Adrenal glands
56
Four cranial nerves supply parasympathetic innervation. Which two cranial nerves supply the salivary glands?
VII: Facial nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve
57
Anatomically, where are most parasympathetic ganglia located?
Close to end organs
58
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for...
A) Voluntary movement = somatic B) Fight or flight = sympathetic C) Rest and digest = parasympathetic
59
Match the cell to the most common type of receptor with which it's associated
A) Sympathetic effector organ → adrenergic B) Post-ganglionic sympathetic neuron → cholinergic (nicotinic) C) Post-ganglionic parasympathetic neuron → cholinergic (nicotinic) D) Parasympathetic effector organ → cholinergic (muscarinic)
60
Alpha-1 receptor
Smooth muscle contraction
61
Beta-1 receptor
Increased heart rate
62
Beta-2 receptor
Smooth muscle relaxation
63
Damaged axons are able to regrow at what rate?
1-5mm per day
64
Which layer of connective tissue in neurons provides a channel for the regrowth of damaged axons?
Endoneurium
65
What name is given to pain that arises from damage to the somatosensory system, rather than by activation of pain receptors (the latter is called nociceptive pain).
Neuropathic pain
66
The sciatic nerve carries both motor and sensory fibres. What is the name given to this type of nerve?
Mixed
67
Autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary responses
68
Somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement
69
A = Protection to spinal cord (dura mater) B = Region containing myelinated axons (white matter) C = Sensory neuron cell bodies (dorsal horn) D = Motor neuron cell bodies (ventral horn) E = CSF circulates (central canal) F = Nerve root
A = Dura mater B = White matter C = Dorsal horn D = Ventral horn E = Central canal F = Nerve root

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