Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Metabolism > Session 7: Control of Appetite > Flashcards

Session 7: Control of Appetite Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

In order to maintain a stable body weight, what must be true about energy intake and energy expenditure?

A

Energy intake must be equal to energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up energy expenditure?

A
  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
  • Physical Activity Level (PAL)
  • Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What indicates increased energy stores and body weight?

A

Energy intake > Energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What indicates decreased energy stores and body weight?

A

Energy intake < Energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the appetite control centre located in the brain?

A

Arcuate nucleus within the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Primary neurones
  • Secondary neurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do primary neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

A

Sense metabolites in blood and respond to hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do secondary neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

A

Receive input from primary neurones and coordinate a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of primary neurone in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Stimulatory (orexigenic) neurons
  • Inhibitory (anorexigenic) neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do stimulatory (orexigenic) primary neurons release?

A
  • Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
  • Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

These promote hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do inhibitory (anorexigenic) primary neurons release?

A
  • Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
  • Cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART)

These promote satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is cleaved to what?

A

α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) = this promotes satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which major nerve do secondary neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus receive input from?

A

Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What peripheral signal stimulates appetite?

A

Ghrelin (released by stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List some peripheral signals involved in suppressing appetite and their sources.

A

Leptin (adipose)
Insulin (pancreas)
Amylin (pancreas)
Glucagon-like peptide, GLP-1 (ileum, colon)
Peptide YY, PYY (ileum, colon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is leptin?

A
  • Polypeptide hormone (145 a.a. long)
  • Released from white adipocytes
  • Overall effect = appetite suppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which primary neurons does leptin activate?

A

Leptin stimulates the inhibitory primary neurons (anorexigenic) and inhibits the stimulatory primary neurons (orexigenic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood levels of leptin correlate with what?

A

The amount of adipose tissue in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Leptin increases the expression of what protein in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT)?

A

Uncoupling protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What polypeptide hormone is used to treat obese patients who lack the hormone?

21
Q

What is insulin?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Polypeptide hormone (55 a.a. long)
  • Released from pancreas (beta cells)
  • Overall effect = appetite suppression
22
Q

What is amylin?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Polypeptide hormone (37 a.a. long)
  • Released from pancreas (beta cells)
  • Overall effect = appetite suppression
23
Q

What effects does amylin have to achieve suppression of appetite?

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Decreases glucagon secretion
2) Slows gastric emptying

Overall effect = appetite suppression

24
Q

List the signals from the body to the hypothalamus.

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Leptin = suppressing (adipocytes)
2) Insulin = suppressing (pancreas)
3) Amylin = suppressing (pancreas)

25
List the signals from the gut to the hypothalamus.
1) Peptide YY = suppressing (ileum/colon) 2) Ghrelin = stimulating (stomach)
26
What is peptide YY?
- Polypeptide hormone (36 a.a. long) - Released from ileum/colon - Overall effect = appetite suppression
27
What is ghrelin?
- Polypeptide hormone (28 a.a. long) - Released from stomach when empty - Overall effect = appetite stimulation
28
What other signals are released from the large intestine that help suppress appetite?
- Oxyntomodulin = suppresses appetite - Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) = suppresses appetite
29
What other signals are released from the small intestine that help suppress appetite?
- Cholecystokinin (CKK) = suppresses appetite - Gastric inhibitory protein (GIP) = suppresses appetite
30
What other signals are released from adipose tissue that help regulate appetite?
- Adiponectin - Resistin - Visfatin
31
What other signals are released from the pancreas that help regulate appetite?
- Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) - Enterostatin
32
What are the three types of bariatric surgery?
1. Reducing the size of the stomach with an implanted medical device (gastric band) 2. Removing a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy) 3. Resecting and rerouting the small intestine to a small stomach pouch (gastric bypass)
33
Where is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) released from?
Ileum, colon
34
What are the effects of GLP-1 on maintaining glucose homeostasis?
- Increases insulin sensitivity - Stimulates beta cells in pancreas to proliferate. - Beta cells increase in number and more insulin is produced by the body
35
Name the two regulatory systems involved in the regulation of appetite.
Episodic Hedonic
36
What is the episodic regulatory system of appetite?
- Senses blood fuels, metabolites and peripheral signals coming from the gut and responds - Senses tonic signals such as insulin and leptin and responds - Senses central signals (neurotransmitters) and responds
37
What is the hedonic regulatory system of appetite?
- Relating to reward - Operates on reward signals/mediators
38
Which regulatory system has a tendency to over-ride the other for appetite regulation?
The hedonic regulatory system has a tendency to over-ride the episodic regulatory system for appetite regulation
39
What signals are involved in the episodic homeostatic regulatory system of appetite?
- Tonic signals from adipose tissue = information about how much energy we have in the body (leptin/insulin) - Episodic signals from gut = (ghrelin, enterostatin, cholecystokinin, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1, orexins) - Typical episodic signals = (blood/liver metabolites)
40
Where are the neurons in the hedonic regulatory system reward pathways mainly found in the brain?
- Hippocampus - Nucleus accumbens - Amygdala
41
What neurotransmitters are involved in the hedonic regulatory system reward pathways?
- Opioids - GABA - Glutamate - Cannabinoids
42
What are other players in the hedonic regulatory system of appetite?
- Orexin-A - Serotonin
43
What dietary changes would you recommend for a person who is overweight?
- Calorie restriction - Low-fat diet - Increased physical activity
44
What psychological intervention might you recommend for a person who is obese adjunct to their diet and exercise modifications?
CBT
45
What adjunctive pharmacotherapy options would you recommend for an individual who is obese?
GLP-1 receptor agonists - Semaglutide - Liraglutide Gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor - Orlistat
46
How does Orlistat work?
Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase so it prevents absorption of fats from our diet
47
What might you recommend for someone who is morbidly obese and resistant to treatment?
Bariatric surgery
48
How does the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary?
By secreting neurohormones
49
GLUT4 is specific for which tissues?
b) Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Metabolism (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions