Session 8 Lymphatic system and Respiratory system

Question 1

lymph formation

Answer 1

anywhere there is capillary lymph formed

Question 2

largest lymph organ

Answer 2

spleen

Question 3

right lymphatic duct

Answer 3

1/4 upper right extremities and drains into right subclavian vein

Question 4

thoracic duct

Answer 4

3/4 of the body, drains into left subclavian vein

Question 5

lymphoid organs

Answer 5

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes

Question 6

lymph nodes

Answer 6

contains a lot of WBCs
act as a filter (with WBCs biological filtration, without it simple filtration) these are for biological filtration
more afferent vessels than efferent vessels to slow the process

Question 7

Biological filtraction

Answer 7

lymph nodes
trying to direct ANTIGENS that could be on Bacteria, fungi, viruses, toxins and cancer cells

Question 8

Tonsils

Answer 8

all tonsils located in your pharynx
adenoids (pharyngeal)
lingual (behind root of the tongue)
palatine (located on each side of throat no airway obstruction)
first line of defence

Question 9

adenoids

Answer 9

on top of soft palette
if enlarges causes snoring (air-way obstruction)

Question 10

spleen

Answer 10

largest lymphoid organ
lot of WBCs
large blood reservoir
destroy worn out RBCs
reservoir for monocytes
B cells mature

Question 11

thymus

Answer 11

behind the sternum
T cells mature and develop
secrete thymosin

Question 12

non specific immunity

Answer 12

innate immunity, native and genetic
immediate and fast
no memory
phagocytes

Question 13

specific immunity

Answer 13

adaptive immunity and acquired
slow process but more effective
has memory
B and T lymphocytes

Question 14

natural specific immunity

Answer 14

catch it by accident
active = actively producing antibodies
passive = fetus receives protection from other

Question 15

artificial specific immunity

Answer 15

exposure causes deliberately
active = immunization, vaccination
passive = from other individuals body

Question 16

Inflammation characterisitcs

Answer 16

heat (cause by increase blood flow to the area)
redness
pain
swelling (leaking blood vessels)

Question 17

antibodies

Answer 17

proteins specifically shaped to bind to specific antigens. sis)
start inflammtion

Question 18

routes to activate antibodies

Answer 18

when it binds it can cause:
simply inactivate it (e.g. can’t make you sick any more)
cause clumping
attract phagocytes
activate the complete cascade (make holes in bacteria so they cannot maintain homeostasis

Question 19

B lymphocytes

Answer 19

stem cells -> immature B cells -> get activated by an antigen to mature B cells which form memory cells(stored in lymph node) and plasma cells and then plasma cells (secrete into blood form antibodies
because of plasma cell every exposure make faster and stronger antibodies

B cell indirectly produce antibody-mediated immunity

Question 20

t lymphocytes

Answer 20

stem cells -> immature B cells gets activated and form memory cells then memory cell forms Effector cells
slower

cell-mediated immunity

Question 21

phagocytes

Answer 21

neutrophil, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells(from bone marrow)

Question 22

monocytes develop into

Answer 22

macrophages

Question 23

thyroid cartilage is a part of

Answer 23

Larynx

Question 24

upper respiratory tract

Answer 24

nose (nasal cavity, external nares, nasal septum)
Pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)

Question 25

nasal septum

Answer 25

divides nasal cavity into nostrils

Question 26

lower respiratory tract

Answer 26

trachea (incomplete cartilage rings) bronchioles

Question 27

alveoli

Answer 27

only part where gas exchange occurs

Question 28

mucus

Answer 28

thick and slippery when converts carbinohemoglobin to hemoglobin

Question 29

surfactant

Answer 29

reduce surface tension in alveoli avoid collapse of alveoli surface tension reduce by disrupting hydrogen bonding

Question 30

paranasal sinuses

Answer 30

warm and humidify lighten the skull provides little bit protection for severe blood trauma

Question 31

gas exchange b/w O2 and CO2

Answer 31

passive transport no ATP required

Question 32

respirator lining mucous blanket

Answer 32

lined typically with ciliated pseudo stratified which is essentially a mucous membrane that secrete mucus. linings crucial role in filtering, warming, and moistened inhaled air, as well as trapping particles and pathogens

Question 33

pharynx

Answer 33

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 34

larynx

Answer 34

very bottom layer of URT

Question 35

Lungs

Answer 35

left (2 lobes) right (3 lobes)

Question 36

internal respiration

Answer 36

happens at tissue level 2 parts systematic (gas exchange b/w blood and tissues) O2 from blood to tissues, CO2 from cells to blood cellular = making ATP

Question 37

external respiraton

Answer 37

happens at the level of lungs 2 parts pulmonary ventilation(air going in and out) pulmonary gas exchange (air and blood)

Question 38

mechanisms of breathing

Answer 38

inhaling require muscle contraction chest cavity bigger exhaling muscle relaxing chest cavity smaller

Question 38

main muscle for respiration

Answer 38

Diaphragm

Question 39

breathing patterns

Answer 39

EUPNEA = normal breathing HYPERVENTILATION = rapid, deep HYPOVENTILATION = slow and shallow APNEA = cessation of respiration

Question 40

strongest stimulus for respiratory

Answer 40

CO2 levels

Question 41

tidal volume

Answer 41

normal breathing in and out

Question 42

vital capacity

Answer 42

max. about you breath in (IRV) to maximum amt. you breathe out (ERV) IRV TD ERV

Question 43

total lung capacity

Answer 43

IRV TD ERV RV amount of air your lungs can hold. it's like ballon's absolute maximum size when it's filled all the way up.

Question 44

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 44

max amount you breath out (extra air force out after a normal breath

Question 45

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 45

max amt. you breath in (extra air you breath in if you tried really hard)

Question 46

residual volume

Answer 46

air that always stays in your lungs, even if you try to push it all out.

Question 47

oxygen in the lungs

Answer 47

dissolve O2 become oxyhemoglobin (98.2%)

Question 48

carbon dioxide in the lungs

Answer 48

dissolve CO2 (10%) carbinohemoglobin (20%) bicarbonate/carboic acid (70%)

Question 49

students got covid multiple times, how did their B-cells help prevent serious illness

Answer 49

B-cell pathway

Question 50

dean caught measles as a kid and was sick for a while. How did his T-cell fight the infection

Answer 50

T-cell pathway directly attack

Question 51

interior walls of thoracic cavity are covered by

Answer 51

parietal pleura